Category: Biology

Answer questions 1.a-b, explanation of mitosis steps (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and questions 2.a-b.

Assignment Content
Question 1Question 1
1 PointProcedure 7.1 pg. 73:How many pigments are in a plant extract? How can you isolate these pigments?
Question 2Question 2
4 PointsProcedure 7.1 pg. 74:7.Calculate the Rf value for each pigment:Carotene-Xanthophyll-Chlorophylla -Chlorophyllb-
Question 3Question 3
1 PointProcedure 7.1 pg. 74:Question 1.a What does a small Rf value tell you about the characteristics of the moving molecules?
Question 4Question 4
1 PointProcedure 7.1 pg. 74:Question 1.b Which are more soluble in the chromatography solvent, xanthophylls or chlorophyll a?
Question 5Question 5
1 PointProcedure 7.1 pg. 74:Question 1.c Would you expect the Rf value of a pigment to change if you altered the composition of the solvent? Why or why not?
Question 6Question 6
1 PointProcedure 7.1 pg. 74:Question 1.d If yellow xanthophylls were present in the extract, why did the extract appear green?
Question 7Question 7
1 PointProcedure 7.1 pg. 74:Question 1.e Is it possible to have a Rf value greater than 1? Why or why not?
Question 8Question 8
1 PointAttach a picture of your completed chromatogram in the Additional Content section of this lab.Yes, I attached my chromatogram pictureNo, I failed to attach my picture
Question 9Question 9
1 PointProcedure 7.2 pg. 75:Question 2.a What colors are diminished?
Question 10Question 10
1 PointProcedure 7.2 pg. 75:Question 2.b What color of lights is least effective for plant growth? Why?
Question 11Question 11
1 PointProcedure 7.2 pg. 75:Draw and attach an absorption spectrum for chlorophyll to the Additional Content sectionYes, I attached the absorption spectrumNo, I failed to attach my drawing
Question 12Question 12
1 PointProcedure 7.3 pg. 75:Question 3.a What color light does chlorophyll fluoresce?
Question 13Question 13
1 PointProcedure 7.3 pg. 75:Questions 3.b. Could chlorophyll fluoresce blue light? Why or why not?
Question 14Question 14
1 PointQuestions for Further Thought and Study pg. 76:1.Why does chlorophyll appear green to your eyes?
Question 15Question 15
1 PointQuestions for Further Thought and Study pg. 76:2.Durring darkness, what happens to starch formed in a leaf?
Question 16Question 16
1 PointQuestions for Further Thought and Study pg. 76:3.What causes leaves to turn from green to yellow and red in autumn?
Question 17Question 17
1 PointQuestions for Further Thought and Study pg. 76:4.Of what value to plants is starch?

o The 6 page research paper will cover a specific
protein molecule. The protein topics will be randomly distributed by
the instructor on the second or third day of class. (NOTE: The 6 page
minimum does not include the title page or references). Students are
encouraged to discuss their research papers with the instructor outside of
class.
o The paper will include the following components:
1. An overview of the protein molecule in terms of its presence in
different organisms, the functional and/or structural role of the protein,
the cells or tissues that express the protein in the organism, unique
structural components of the molecule, its role in aspects of
metabolism within organisms, and its interaction with other molecules.
(30 points)
2. Discussions of the experimental findings of the primary reference
papers. A brief discussion of the hypothesis of the experiments, an
overview of the techniques used to test the hypothesis, and the
experimental results from the papers should be included. (30 points)
3. A summary discussion of the protein molecule should conclude your
paper. This area should display an understanding of all relevant
information summarized from the research papers, including features
of primary through quaternary structure, co-factors, major
evolutionary adaptations, and roles for mutated forms of the protein in
diseases. You should include an evaluation of the phylogenetic profile
of this molecule – How many different organisms share this protein? it a member of a larger protein family? Is it essential to specific cell
functions? (30 points)
4. Research Paper Format: The 6 page report is to be typed (double-
spaced) with a 12-pitch Times New Roman font (no larger, no
smaller). All margins should be set at one (1) inch and fully justified
(4 points). Failure to adhere to the formatting requirements will result
in point deduction.
o A minimum of three (3) primary sources (where the authors are the
people who did the research) are required. These and other references
should be indicated as references in your final paper (6 points for
appropriate references). The National Library of Medicine website will
give you free access to PubMed (www.nlm.nih,gov) where you can limit
your search to links to “free full text.”
o You may contact the College of Sciences and Technology (COST) Library
Liaison in the Asa H. Gordon Library for assistance with finding pertinent
information. The process by which you learn to acquire information will
be valuable in any class where a research paper or literature search is
required

Graded elements:
* States Purpose of Study
* Background on organism(s) studied ©
* Background on experimental question w/ ©
* Relate experimental question to organism biology and broader scientific principles w/ ©
* Summary of Experimental Design
* Hypotheses and Predictions
*Well written, topics separated into paragraphs
Methodology:
Write narrative methods paragraphs describing the methods you have conducted for your independent experiment. Cite any sources you used to develop your method. As appropriate, add a paragraph describing how you will (or have) analyzed your data statistically. Cite a source for your statistical method.
That file is my summary about the experiment

If you need to use information from an article or website, please include the references. It’s unnecessary if you do not need to use anything from another website.

Follow the steps given to attempt assignment on oxy hemoglobin curve
Step 1. Read the topic of oxyhemoglobin curve from ebook.
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/22-1-organs-and-structures-of-the-respiratory-system
Step 2. Then watch the 7 minute video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgSUdxrlO8Y
After following steps 1 to 2, answer the following four questions:
Where in the body does hemoglobin have more affinity for Oxygen? _________
Where in the body does hemoglobin have lesser affinity for Oxygen?_________
In which direction does the oxyhemoglobin curve shift during Bohr’s effect? Explain the reason for the shift in detail.
In which direction does the oxyhemoglobin curve shift in fetus? Why is it so? Explain
Step 3. Watch another video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57P2Gsdq7is and answer the following questions:
4. When the curve shifts towards right, it takes _______ concentration of Oxygen to reach 50% saturation. Thus, a right shift means a ______ affinity of oxygen and hemoglobin
5. When the curve shifts towards left, it takes _______ concentration of Oxygen to reach 50% saturation. Thus, a left shifts means a ______ affinity of oxygen and hemoglobin
6. List all the factors that shifts the oxyhemoglobin curve towards right.

You’ll be completing the section titled “Your Task” at the end of the case study document. They provide a table to fill out for one of the four drink brands covered in the case; I will want you to complete that table for all four of the drinks, and then answer the questions which follow in such a way that you discuss/compare the four drinks, rather than only focusing on one. The case says to work in groups but you will be doing this individually, so I want you to compare all four of the energy drinks you investigate (rather than choosing one of them as the case instructions imply).
The last item, labeled “Assessment” at the end, you will skip because it is for a group rather than an individual. The assignment is pretty straightforward but be sure and ask me if you have any questions.

High Elevation Adaptation
Adaptations to living at high elevation including metabolic rates, respiration rates and hemoglobin concentrations are shared by many indigenous communities. These traits are heritable, and passed on to the next generation. Athletes train at high elevations to reap the benefits of these adaptations, even short term. But, it makes some people sick – ever hear of altitude sickness? What’s up with that?
Research high elevation adaptations. Talk about why some athletes train in the clouds but some people can’t get out of bed when they visit a ski resort. Your focus should be on using evidence about the structure and function of the parts of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems that are affected.
You must use evidence from at least one outside reputable source in addition to your textbook.

PLEASE READ THE 3 FILES Attached for assignments
1 for instructions
1 for rubric and
1 for samples
all the graph should like samples and include all axis, title, legend and formula.
total 12 graphs and 8 tabs

Review of videos you watched in class
Assume you work for the local newspaper and PBS showed you the first episodes of the documentaries (that you
watched in class) as preview to what they are going to show for their fall program. Write a brief review of 400 –
600 words, as you would write a newspaper column highlighting how effective the videos are explaining the
geological forces that have shaped this earth, how effective they are in
1) explaining and providing evidence for the age of the earth which is at least 4.6 BYA and
2) how nothing has been stable when measured in geological time including the location of continents and
climate.
Also discuss, how watching these videos give a perspective on the current human induced climate change and why
this is cause for concern even though when measured in geological time climate has been always been changing.
You could also include a note whether you liked one video better than the other or if both complemented each other
in explaining the concepts.
I have provided a summary of the major points discussed in the videos below.
They are also in the review sheet for Exam I
Video – BBC Earth Story – Two episodes – Episode 1: time Travelers and Episode 2: The Deep
(Narrated by Aubrey Manning)
– What is the significance of sedimentary layers in rocks?
– -Why is the age of the earth estimated from meteorites?
– -Why is there a difference of 500 MY between the rocks on earth and meteorites?
– -Destruction and formation of the earth’s crust
– – What did Hutton see at the exposed rock cliff in Scotland?
– -rocks – Igneous, Metamorphic, and sedimentary types
– – Which one is used to estimate dates?
– – different rock layers contain different assemblages of fossils. This is used to estimate relative ages of fossils.
– – index fossils
– – What does the shiny pyrite reveal in the rock beds at 6000m below the surface?
– Absence of free atmospheric oxygen when the earth was first formed.
– – What does the presence of crystals in 3.5 BY old rocks in Barberton in south Africa Reveal? Water
– – What do the globules trapped between rock layers suggest? Volcanic activity.
– – Presence of bacterial fossils in the rocks at Barberton.
– What is the significance of the rift valley along the continental crust in the oceans?
– How thick is the ocean floor compared to the thickness of the continents?
– How was the reversal of the magnetic fields used to explain continental drift? Magnetism and plate tectonics
support Wegener’s idea
– What hypothesis was tested to show the validity of continental movement?
– What kinds of organisms are the primary producers that live around hydrothermal vents in the bottom of the
oceans? How do these organisms obtain energy to make the macromolecules necessary for life?
Video – BBC- The Power of the Planet – Episode 1: Volcanoes (Narrated By Iain Stewart)
Stewart climbs to Erta Ale which has a permanent lake of molten lava in the Afar Region to show what process?
This compares to what other process?
The process of lava welling up, forming a crust, and then sinking affects the entire planet. The history of Earth has
been driven by the molten core which is as hot as the sun and fuels volcanoes.
In Iceland, molten rock heats the water. Stewart describes how Surtsey formed in the same manner as Iceland.
The Almannagja Fault in Iceland. Stewart scuba dives in the chasm to show the North American plate and between
it and the European plate, to explain plate tectonics and how hot rock rises when magma erupts, moving plates apart.
These continents move three-quarters of an inch annually and Stewart describes how Pangaea broke apart into seven
distinct lands.
He then explains how Mountain Form over time and how the Pacific and Australian plates collide, forming New
Zealand and the Southern Alps. Other ranges including the Andes, Himalayas, and the European Alps also form
similarly and shows an event in Northern Pakistan, Muzaffarabad how an earthquake that was measured before and
after the event saw the land rise by several inches. This process repeated again and again is what causes mountains
to rise over time – measured in millions of years to account for the Himalayas.
He then illustrates how if wasn’t for these geological events that build mountains water in the form of rain and in
rivers would erode all land and carry silt to the oceans. This earth will become flat if the plates stop moving.
How does Stewart use volcanoes to explain key roles in providing the raw materials for origin of life and also to
recycle carbon captured by photosynthesis back into the atmosphere.
What was the role of volcanoes in ending the snowball earth era (When did this happen?) and what effect did it have
in the evolution of life? What role do volcanoes play in climate measured in geological time and how does it
compare with current human induced climate change?