Category: Statistics

Initial Post: Choose one out of the 10 provided datasets and write a post that includes:
The name of the dataset.
A description of the x and y variables.
A trendline (regression line) graph of the data created in Excel or Desmos.
The equation and correlation coefficient.
A clear description of the trend of the association of the x and y variables by discussing the trend, shape, and strength.

DB: Module 4 Practice Tests Chapters 8 & 9: Post your Math questions from chapter 8 & 9 on
1414 unread replies.1818 replies.
You are required to post (at least) one question and its solution either from Chapters 8 & 9 Practice Tests posted under the modules, or any source of your choice (per grading policy in the syllabus). You must read all the posts and make sure not to duplicate any questions; similar questions are acceptable.
Read all the posts: questions and solutions posted by others first, and pick a different question to post (No duplication is allowed). A question with One-word solution, One-line solution, or Definition is not acceptable and results in ZERO Points for the post . (10 points)Write the question number and copy down the question
Show all steps using the math equation editor or embed an image solution as explained below.
Find a similar problem online, or on YouTube, or Khan Academy and post the link. (5 points)
Comment on (Explain) at least one classmate question that is either solved or is found online and posted by watching it carefully in its entirety. Explain about what the question addressed and what you learned from it and outline a few steps you learned as a result; a compliment is nice but is not a comment. To receive credit for this part, write the name of your classmate. (5 points)
Example of a Student Post (Made up example):
1. Question 15: Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following Population list: 13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13
Solution: 𝜇=∑𝑥𝑁=13+18+13+14+13+16+14+21+139=9
The median is the middle value, so rank the data first: 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
Population size: N = 9, so the middle value will be the (9 + 1) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5th number:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21 ⟹𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛=14
The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other: ⟹𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒=13
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑅=𝑀𝑎𝑥−𝑀𝑖𝑛=21−13=8
2. Similar Question found on YouTube: Find the mean, median, mode, and range
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3aKKasOmIwLinks to an external site.
3. Comment on question by John Doe’s YouTube post:
This post was about finding the Z Scores; they represent number of standard deviations away from the mean. A positive Z-score indicates a score which is above the average score in class. A negative Z-score indicates a score which is below the average score in class. A zero Z-score indicates a score equal to the average score in class.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yYCyAwg-7gLinks to an external site.
Grades: A positive Z Score represents a grade greater than the mean (average) grade in class. A negative Z Score represents a grade smaller than the mean (average) grade in class. A zero Z Score represents a grade that is equal to the mean (average) grade in class.
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Please refer to the following instructions for “How to Embed an Image in Canvas Discussion” for help.How to Embed an Image into a Canvas Discussion Board – YouTubeLinks to an external site.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Using the Week 2 DataSet, create the following five figures using SPSS.
1. A scatterplot with best line of fit for pre-BMI and self-esteem
2. A histogram and a line graph—create one histogram depicting the frequency of distribution for each pre-exercise level, and then
3. Create a line graph depicting the frequency of distribution for each post-exercise level
4. A comparative bar graph—create a vertically oriented bar chart, showing the distribution of BMI Group levels by the three different education groups
5. A pie chart—for pre-BMI groups, showing the percentage of each

Exploratory Data Analysis (Part A)
Introduction
Your instructor will provide you with a data file that includes data on five variables:
SALES represents the number of sales made this week.
CALLS represents the number of sales calls made this week.
TIME represents the average time per call this week.
YEARS represents years of experience in the call center.
TYPE represents the type of training the employee received.
Part A: Exploratory Data Analysis
Preparation
Open the files for the course project and the data set.
For each of the five variables, process, organize, present and summarize the data. Analyze each variable by itself using graphical and numerical techniques of summarization. Use Excel as much as possible, explaining what the results reveal. Some of the following graphs may be helpful: stem-leaf diagram, frequency/relative frequency table, histogram, boxplot, dotplot, pie chart, bar graph. Caution: not all of these are appropriate for each of these variables, nor are they all necessary. More is not necessarily better. In addition be sure to find the appropriate measures of central tendency, the measures of dispersion, and the shapes of the distributions (for the quantitative variables) for the above data. Where appropriate, use the five number summary (the Min, Q1, Median, Q3, Max). Once again, use Excel as appropriate, and explain what the results mean.
Analyze the connections or relationships between the variables. There are ten possible pairings of two variables. Use graphical as well as numerical summary measures. Explain the results of the analysis. Be sure to consider all 10 pairings. Some variables show clear relationships, while others do not.
Report Requirements
From the variable analysis above, provide the analysis and interpretation for three individual variables. This would include no more than 1 graph for each, one or two measures of central tendency and variability (as appropriate), the shapes of the distributions for quantitative variables, and two or three sentences of interpretation.
For the 10 pairings, identify and report only on three of the pairings, again using graphical and numerical summary (as appropriate), with interpretations. Please note that at least one pairing must include a qualitative variable and at least one pairing must not include a qualitative variable.
Prepare the report in Microsoft Word, integrating graphs and tables with text explanations and interpretations. Be sure to include graphical and numerical back up for the explanations and interpretations. Be selective in what is included in the report to meet the requirements of the report without extraneous information.
All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy.
Project Part A report is due by the end of Week 2.
Project Part A is worth 100 total points. See grading rubric below.
Submission: The report, including all relevant graphs and numerical analysis along with interpretations
Format for report:
Brief Introduction
Discuss 1st individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 2nd individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 3rd individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 1st pairing of variables, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 2nd pairing of variables, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 3rd pairing of variables, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Conclusion
Part A: Grading Rubric
Category Points % Descriiption
Three individual variables – 12 point each 36 points 36% Graphical analysis, numerical analysis (when appropriate), and interpretation
Three relationships – 15 points each 45 points 45% Graphical analysis, numerical analysis (when appropriate), and interpretation
Communication skills 19 points 19% Writing, grammar, clarity, logic, cohesiveness, adherence to the above format
Total 100 points 100% A quality paper will meet or exceed all the above requirements
Part B: Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals
Complete the following four hypotheses, using α = 0.05 for each. The week 5 spreadsheet can be used in these analyses.
1. Mean sales per week exceed 42.5 per salesperson
2. Proportion receiving online training is less than 55%
3 Mean calls made among those with no training is at least 145
4. Mean time per call is 14.7 minutes
Using the same data set from part A, perform the hypothesis test for each speculation in order to see if there is evidence to support the manager’s belief. Use the Eight Steps of a Test of Hypothesis from Section 9.1 of your text book as a guide. You can use either the p-value or the critical values to draw conclusions. Be sure to explain your conclusion and interpret that to the claim in simple terms
Compute 99% confidence intervals for the variables used in each hypothesis test, and interpret these intervals.
Write a report about the results, distilling down the results in a way that would be understandable to someone who does not know statistics. Clear explanations and interpretations are critical.
All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy.
Project Part B report is due by the end of Week 6.
Project Part B is worth 100 total points. See grading rubric below.
Format for report:
Summary Report (about one paragraph on each of the four speculations)
Appendix with the calculations of the Eight Elements of a Test of Hypothesis, the p-values, and the confidence intervals. Include the Excel formulas or spreadsheet screen shots used in the calculations.

Within the Discussion Board area, write 400-600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Suppose that a researcher wanted to use the secondary data found in the gss.sav data file to determine if males or females use the Internet more. Go to the Resources area of the class to download the files that you will need to complete your assignments each week. Open the gss.sav data set in SPSS to review the variables sex, useweb, and webhrs.
Use Variable View to consider whether the data are nominal, ordinal, or interval, and suggest which type of SPSS analysis might be most appropriate for these questions and why that would be the best choice. Please provide the output from SPSS and put in APA format.

2,000 words maximum essay using JAMOVI statistical software to conduct the necessary data analysis and graph creation for the essay. With a Sample size: >30 conduct Multiple linear regression; A continuous numerical dependent variable; Independent variables can be numeric and/or categorical; and Use cross sectional data only, NO time series/panel. Data analysis: R, R square, R square adjusted; T-test, F-test; Coefficient interpretation; and Model checking. The JAMOVI data file will also need to be submitted as part of the task. Please refer to Detailed Instruction in attached files for essay outline and other details required in the assignment.

Exploratory Data Analysis (Part A)
Introduction
Your instructor will provide you with a data file that includes data on five variables:
SALES represents the number of sales made this week.
CALLS represents the number of sales calls made this week.
TIME represents the average time per call this week.
YEARS represents years of experience in the call center.
TYPE represents the type of training the employee received.
Part A: Exploratory Data Analysis
Preparation
Open the files for the course project and the data set.
For each of the five variables, process, organize, present and summarize the data. Analyze each variable by itself using graphical and numerical techniques of summarization. Use Excel as much as possible, explaining what the results reveal. Some of the following graphs may be helpful: stem-leaf diagram, frequency/relative frequency table, histogram, boxplot, dotplot, pie chart, bar graph. Caution: not all of these are appropriate for each of these variables, nor are they all necessary. More is not necessarily better. In addition be sure to find the appropriate measures of central tendency, the measures of dispersion, and the shapes of the distributions (for the quantitative variables) for the above data. Where appropriate, use the five number summary (the Min, Q1, Median, Q3, Max). Once again, use Excel as appropriate, and explain what the results mean.
Analyze the connections or relationships between the variables. There are ten possible pairings of two variables. Use graphical as well as numerical summary measures. Explain the results of the analysis. Be sure to consider all 10 pairings. Some variables show clear relationships, while others do not.
Report Requirements
From the variable analysis above, provide the analysis and interpretation for three individual variables. This would include no more than 1 graph for each, one or two measures of central tendency and variability (as appropriate), the shapes of the distributions for quantitative variables, and two or three sentences of interpretation.
For the 10 pairings, identify and report only on three of the pairings, again using graphical and numerical summary (as appropriate), with interpretations. Please note that at least one pairing must include a qualitative variable and at least one pairing must not include a qualitative variable.
Prepare the report in Microsoft Word, integrating graphs and tables with text explanations and interpretations. Be sure to include graphical and numerical back up for the explanations and interpretations. Be selective in what is included in the report to meet the requirements of the report without extraneous information.
All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy.
Project Part A report is due by the end of Week 2.
Project Part A is worth 100 total points. See grading rubric below.
Submission: The report, including all relevant graphs and numerical analysis along with interpretations
Format for report:
Brief Introduction
Discuss 1st individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 2nd individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 3rd individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 1st pairing of variables, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 2nd pairing of variables, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Discuss 3rd pairing of variables, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation
Conclusion
Part A: Grading Rubric
Category Points % Descriiption
Three individual variables – 12 point each 36 points 36% Graphical analysis, numerical analysis (when appropriate), and interpretation
Three relationships – 15 points each 45 points 45% Graphical analysis, numerical analysis (when appropriate), and interpretation
Communication skills 19 points 19% Writing, grammar, clarity, logic, cohesiveness, adherence to the above format
Total 100 points 100% A quality paper will meet or exceed all the above requirements
Part B: Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals
Complete the following four hypotheses, using α = 0.05 for each. The week 5 spreadsheet can be used in these analyses.
1. Mean sales per week exceed 42.5 per salesperson
2. Proportion receiving online training is less than 55%
3 Mean calls made among those with no training is at least 145
4. Mean time per call is 14.7 minutes
Using the same data set from part A, perform the hypothesis test for each speculation in order to see if there is evidence to support the manager’s belief. Use the Eight Steps of a Test of Hypothesis from Section 9.1 of your text book as a guide. You can use either the p-value or the critical values to draw conclusions. Be sure to explain your conclusion and interpret that to the claim in simple terms
Compute 99% confidence intervals for the variables used in each hypothesis test, and interpret these intervals.
Write a report about the results, distilling down the results in a way that would be understandable to someone who does not know statistics. Clear explanations and interpretations are critical.
All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy.
Project Part B report is due by the end of Week 6.
Project Part B is worth 100 total points. See grading rubric below.
Format for report:
Summary Report (about one paragraph on each of the four speculations)
Appendix with the calculations of the Eight Elements of a Test of Hypothesis, the p-values, and the confidence intervals. Include the Excel formulas or spreadsheet screen shots used in the calculations.

Within the Discussion Board area, write 400-600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Suppose that a researcher wanted to use the secondary data found in the gss.sav data file to determine if males or females use the Internet more. Go to the Resources area of the class to download the files that you will need to complete your assignments each week. Open the gss.sav data set in SPSS to review the variables sex, useweb, and webhrs.
Use Variable View to consider whether the data are nominal, ordinal, or interval, and suggest which type of SPSS analysis might be most appropriate for these questions and why that would be the best choice. Please provide the output from SPSS and put in APA format.

2,000 words maximum essay using JAMOVI statistical software to conduct the necessary data analysis and graph creation for the essay. With a Sample size: >30 conduct Multiple linear regression; A continuous numerical dependent variable; Independent variables can be numeric and/or categorical; and Use cross sectional data only, NO time series/panel. Data analysis: R, R square, R square adjusted; T-test, F-test; Coefficient interpretation; and Model checking. The JAMOVI data file will also need to be submitted as part of the task. Please refer to Detailed Instruction in attached files for essay outline and other details required in the assignment.

The most common abuse of correlation in studies is to confuse the concepts of correlation with those of causation.
Examples:
No correlation: Height of a student and good grades
The height of a student has no relationship to good grades.
A correlation but not causation: Good SAT scores and good grades
Many times, you will find students with good SAT scores also making good grades, but good SAT scores do not cause good grades. Many times there are other variables, such as good study habits, that contribute to both.
Causation: Study time and good grades
The amount of time a student studies does CAUSE grades to be GOOD. Note: Causation statements are not the same as a statement in logic. For example: If you jump in a swimming pool, you will get wet. If you don’t jump in the swimming pool, you will not get wet. This will occur all the time if the pool is full of water. Causation is a little different. If you study, you are not guaranteed good grades. If you don’t study, you are not guaranteed bad grades. We still can say that study time is one major cause of good grades.
Assignment:
The following response was generated by Chat GPT in response to the prompt, “Find an example of an article that that relates two variables. Is the article stating that the two variables are correlated or that they have a causal relationship?”
Read the response and answer the following questions:
Do you agree with the statements regarding the correlation or causation of the variables? Why or why not?
Do you think that a leader’s character has an impact on an organization’s performance, as this response suggests? Why or why not?
The response states that in addition to a leader’s character, other variables, such as organizational culture and strategy, also play a part in the organization’s performance. List three additional leadership attributes not included in the Chat GPT response that you believe may play a part in organizational performance. Explain why you think these three attributes might contribute positively to the organization’s performance.
There is an article referenced in the Chat GPT response. Look up the article. What do you notice? Is this something that is typical of Chat GPT?
Chat GPT Response:
Title: Examining the Impact of a Leader’s Character on Organizational Performance: Causation or Correlation?
Character traits have long been considered critical components of effective leadership. This study investigates the relationship between a leader’s character and organizational performance, focusing on two key variables: integrity and empathy. While many scholars and practitioners believe that leaders with high levels of integrity and empathy positively influence their organizations, the nature of this relationship remains a subject of debate. This study aims to clarify whether a leader’s character directly causes improvements in organizational performance or if there exists a mere correlation between character traits and organizational outcomes.
To explore this question, the study gathered data from a sample of 300 organizations across various industries. Using structural equation modeling, the researchers analyzed the causal relationships between a leader’s integrity, empathy, and organizational performance. The findings suggest that integrity and empathy do have a significant positive impact on organizational performance. However, the study also reveals that the relationship is not strictly causal. As Dr. Jane Smith, the lead researcher, notes, “While a leader’s character traits like integrity and empathy do contribute to better organizational performance, it’s important to recognize that other factors, such as organizational culture and strategy, also play a role.”
Resource: Smith, J. (2023). Examining the Impact of a Leader’s Character on Organizational Performance: Causation or Correlation. Journal of Leadership Studies, 25(3), 287-305.