Category: Social Sciences : Sociology

The Thomas Theorem states that if individuals define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. What this means is that people’s behavior can be determined by their subjective construction of reality rather than by objective reality. There are many ways to illustrate this concept. In the recorded lecture for this chapter, l argued that when a person yells fire in a theater it will cause panic whether a fire exists or not. The panic in this case is caused by a subjective construction of reality (somebody yelling fire) rather than an objective reality (an actual fire). Similarly, if somebody were to consistently watch news reports featuring violent crimes, they may go out and purchase an alarm system, iron bars for their windows, a large pit bull, and a weapon to protect themselves because they think that they may be a victim of violent crime. Violent crime may actually be decreasing in their city or neighborhood, but to them it doesn’t matter because their behavior has been shaped by a subjective construction of reality (news reports that focus on violent crimes) rather than objective reality (decreasing violent crime rates). What are some other social situations where people act a certain way based on a subjective construction of reality rather than objective reality?

It can address the secularization topic and provide evidence using the Census of any country, (e.g USA, Australia, Canada,
UK or any country of your choice.). This should 2500 words double spaced using Times New Roman, plus a minimum of 7 references (Journal articles, book chapters, Reports on the Census). In discussing
the results of the Census, you must provide some sociological explanations as to why these trends are
observed and discuss what may be the social and policy implications.The papers can also be critical reviews that bring together the literature and information on a specific
question. The term paper should be seen as an investigation (through library research), where you put together the
evidence, think through the implications. It is important that a term paper be unified around a central topic
(“purpose” or “thesis”), and that the reader be able to follow the plan of the paper.

Beginning with the events in 1968, explain Wallerstein’s crisis of modernity. What are the structural and cultural signs that the system is failing?
Expectations:
Your Paper Assignment should be a minimum of 1500 words, not including references.
Please cite your sources, both within the text and in your references.
You are required to use ASA formatting style.
Your book should be cited both within the paper and in your references.
Late assignments will not be accepted.

Write a 330 words annotation for each articles (article I’m No Criminal, I’m… and article Homeless persons’ ex…) that summarizes what you have identified. As you read the source, identify: a) whether the source’s methodology is quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, b) whether it is done by a sociologist or a researcher from a related social scientific field like education or anthropology, c) the main argument, d) the main theoretical framework or key theoretical concepts and their definitions, e) the sample / population / fieldsite (i.e. where did the data come from / how was it collected), f) how the source might be useful to your own project development, g) anything else interesting about it like a killer quotation or a useful fact, comparison, or piece of historical context.

Family history essay (25 point)
How do historical and social forces intertwine with individual experiences? This assignment asks you to engage this question through a look into your family history. In this essay, find a story in your history of your family that demonstrates the links between individuals and society. The story can be about the experiences of your immediate family members or more distant and even deceased figures. I encourage you to talk to family members to discover more.
The primary objective of this assignment is to apply sociological understanding as we just described. A secondary goal is that you hopefully develop a better understanding of your family. The story does not require a specific formula, but you should do your best to demonstrate the links between individuals and social forces.
If you need ideas, common examples of social forces include events (economic shocks, wars, migration), changing economic conditions (economic restructuring such deindustrialization, the rise of a new industry), or cultural shifts (social norms of different times). Some stories also benefit from you doing additional research to better situated the individuals you write about in their times.
Assessment
Your essay will foremost be evaluated on how well the story situates individuals in the broader social context. A good essay should clearly present the topic and the context, introduce the relevant historical and social forces, and detail how the individual intersects with the forces. General rules of writing apply.
This is a formal assignment.  It requires an organized paper structure with multiple paragraphs. To the extent possible, the writing should be free of mechanical, grammatical, or spelling errors.

Formatting requirement
I expect the essay to be at least 500 words. The format should be double-spaced. No specific academic citation format is required. D2L can accept .doc, .docx, .rtf, or .pdf files. You can also submit through the textbox. If you use Apple Pages or Google Doc, please save the document as a pdf file and submit that file.

Read “Ten Things You Can do to Improve Race Relations” by Charles Gallagher (pages 464-467 in Rethinking the Color Line) and “Talking is Great, But What Else Can I Do?” by Ijeoma Oluo (pages 225-238 in So You Want to Talk About Race.)
Answering the following questions.  Your post should be three short paragraphs.
Which do you think are the most important things you can do to improve race relations and end racial oppression?  Choose one suggestions made by Oluo and one by Gallagher.  For each one, write a paragraph that summarizes the main point, and explains in four or five sentences why you think that is important.
Which would be the most difficult or challenging for you?  Choose one of the suggestions made by Oluo or Gallagher.  Write a paragraph that summarizes the main point, and explains in four or five sentences why you think it would be the most challenging for you personally.

1. Please complete according to the requirements and outline I gave
2. The Outline has 12 points in total, but I only need to write the last three parts of the Outline (10,11 and 12) which have been framed in red squares.
3. Use at least 3 sources but the more the better
4. Read the requirements and outline carefully. follow each one exactly.
5. Be sure to fill 3 pages (excluding References list)

Discuss in detail the concepts of culture and cultural relativism.  What are the elements of culture?  Cultural types?  Is there an American culture?  A global culture? What evidence do we have regarding a global culture? Define each and support your answers with examples.

Ending Mass Incarceration
Required readings:  “Ending Mass Incarceration” by Frost, Clear, & Montero (Gallagher p. 277), Michelle Alexander “The New Jim Crow,” (Gallagher p. 256) and the George Floyd biography, especially chapter 5, “The State of Texas vs George Floyd” are required. 
Reflect on the issue of mass incarceration and solutions to this issue.
Your essay should address the following questions:
What is mass incarceration according to the authors?
How and why did mass incarceration happen in the first place? What is the history of this?  (Alexander and the Floyd biography have information).
How much larger is the incarceration rate today than in the 1970s, according to the authors?  Is incarceration an effective way to reduce crime, according to the Frost et al?  Why or why not?
What solutions do Frost, Clear, & Montero suggest? Choose three of these solutions that you think would make the most difference. For each, explain the solution in detail, then discuss how it would make a difference in ending mass incarceration, using evidence from both Frost, Clear, & Montero and the George Floyd biography.
What are some of the limitations of this approach for making social change?  Limitations can be defined as a limiting condition, a weakness, or an inability to make change.  Here, I am asking for you to think about what the approach cannot change or improve.  Please do not discuss obstacles, such as people being unwilling to make reforms or not having a budget for them.

Write 5 paragraphs of at least 100 words each answering the following questions:
Who are Victor Rios and Greg Prieto?
What social problems have Rios and Prieto studied?
Describe the research methodology used for their research paper about “mano dura-mano suave.”
What is the problem with “stop-and-frisk?” Summarize the findings of their study “Mano Suave-Mano Dura”
Was their methodology scientific? Why?
You must list all the sources consulted when preparing your answer, in APA or ASA format.
You are required to use the following sources:
https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/story/2020-07-28/commentary-defund-police-systemic-racism (https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/story/2020-07-28/commentary-defund-police-systemic-racism)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UQfbAZfG_8 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UQfbAZfG_8)
https://thesocietypages.org/discoveries/2021/04/21/punitive-policing-persists/ (https://thesocietypages.org/discoveries/2021/04/21/punitive-policing-persists/)
https://www.thoughtco.com/ethnography-definition-3026313 (https://www.thoughtco.com/ethnography-definition-3026313)