Category: Political Science

Each individual’s submission must have complete references using an accepted citation style consistently. Each person can use whatever citation style with which they are most comfortable, as long as the citation is complete, i.e. not only URLs.

Write a detailed summary on how these articles interact and help with the idea of human rights and foreign policies

This is a reflection paper on ‘Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story” Along with your own reflections–thoughts, comments, conclusions, assessments, observations––include thoughtful commentary on ALL of the issues listed below. Write all of your responses in paragraph format – not bullet points. Points will be deducted for missing information. YOU MUST SPELLCHECK AND PROOFREAD YOUR WORK OTHERWISE, YOU WILL LOSE POINTS

Research papers should be well referenced, analytical, and persuasive toward a specific argument regarding government policy. You must argue one side with evidence to convince the reader of your view. I suggest you have someone proof your paper to point out any obvious grammatical, punctuation or clarity issues. The Academic Success Center (see your syllabus) and Tutor.com are available for this purpose. You should write formally, not as if you were having a conversation with a friend, but rather as if you were trying to publish the paper in a periodical. As such, do not use personal pronouns or contractions. my elected topic for the researched paper. Why Government shutdown should never happen, and congress should do everything in their powers to prevent it.

Policy Paper #3
Imagine you are a City Manager trying to manage a City after dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic for over a year and a half. Things are slowly getting back to a “new normal” however, the recovery continues to be uneven and your contract waste haulers are experiencing issues with recruiting and retaining staff. This is a causing disruptions in service to residents and they are starting to show up at every public meeting to voice their concerns/opinions on the matter. Additionally, residents are e-mailing elected and appointed officials at the City, and they have also started a petition to get their garbage fees refunded. You need to write a policy paper outlining what your course of action will be to address the situation.
Consider the following factors when writing your paper:
There is a national labor shortage of qualified individuals for the jobs that are available. If the contract waste haulers are having issues hiring and retaining staff, you can bet that the City is having similar challenges. Especially since the private sector is offering very enticing starting salaries and sign-on bonuses, and they are still having recruitment issues.
Looking back to our reading of Chapter 10, remember that bureaucracy is how Government responds to meet the needs/demands of the Citizens it serves. Given the issues with the waste haulers, and given that the area with in-house garbage service provided by the City is not experiencing the same issues as those areas served by the contract haulers, there is a growing “push” for the City to consider bringing garbage service in-house. What would you choose to do? Would you keep services contracted out, or would you bring them in-house? Keep the following in mind:As mentioned in Chapter 10, one of the drawbacks of contracting out services is the loss/diminished oversight the Government has of the service. Are you willing to lose some of your oversight if it means service delivery will improve?
Bringing services in-house is expensive but, doable. Would you be willing to spend the significant upfront capital if you could show the long-term success of this approach?
Lastly, how would you respond to the push for refunding of garbage fees? Keep in mind, most municipalities don’t collect enough revenue to offset the overall cost of garbage services provided. A refund of fees would be an onerous task for City staff and in most cases the value of the checks “would not be worth the paper they’re written on”.
Please note: Some of you mentioned the desire for a grading rubric for these assignments. I can tell you from personal experience, rubrics do not really exist for stuff like this. Policy is often communicated to staff via e-mail (more often than not the draft of that e-mail took a few days) or in memo form. So for this assignment, pretend you are drafting a memo to your City council explaining your positions as City manager on the subject above.
Please use only I attached you.
Also, you can find Finance, and the Budget Process in the text book that I attached you ( Chapter 4 ).
You will write three, 2 pages. (double spaced, Arial 11 pt. font) papers summarizing, analyzing, and dealing with an issue. Please write an answer about this question.
Thanks.

Some observers believe that interest groups in the United States are slowly eroding democracy—that is, that most groups are interested only in personal gain, not the national interest. Countries such as Japan and Germany have very few interest groups and are thus able to make decisions more quickly with a view toward the public interest. 1-What are some arguments in favor of our pluralist (interest group–driven) type of government? 2-On the other hand, what are some ways that interest groups impede democracy? 3-Which system is more preferable: one with many groups or one with few?
For this discussion board, we will delve into the topic of interest groups and their impact on democracy. In a creative twist, you will create a public service announcement (PSA) that addresses the arguments in favor of or against our pluralist (interest group-driven) type of government and explores the ways in which interest groups can impede democracy. The PSA can take any form, such as an infographic, a digital flyer, or any other format that effectively conveys your message.
Special Note: I was a Federalist in Discussion 2, so I will argue favor of pluralism. Make sure to take into account the arguments of both Federalists and Anti-Federalists in the PSA.
Consider the following points while creating your PSA:
Arguments in favor of our pluralist (interest group-driven) type of government:Highlight the positive aspects of interest groups in representing diverse voices and advocating for specific issues.
Emphasize how interest groups provide opportunities for citizen participation and engagement in the democratic process.
Showcase instances where interest groups have successfully influenced policy decisions and promoted public welfare.
Ways in which interest groups can impede democracy:Shed light on the potential drawbacks of interest groups, such as the influence of money and special interests on policy outcomes.
Address concerns about certain interest groups dominating the political agenda and overshadowing the broader public interest.
Illustrate situations where interest groups may hinder the smooth functioning of democratic decision-making processes.
Discussion of which system is more preferable: one with many groups or one with few:Present a balanced analysis by considering the benefits and drawbacks of both scenarios.
Encourage critical thinking and discussion among your peers by highlighting the potential advantages and disadvantages of a pluralist system versus a system with fewer interest groups.
Share your own perspective on which system you believe is more preferable and provide supporting reasons for your stance, considering the arguments put forth by both Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
Please post your PSA directly in the discussion board, ensuring that it is easily accessible and viewable by your classmates. Embed or attach your infographic, digital flyer, video, or any other format you choose.
Remember to include proper citations following the outlined guidelines.

Instructions
STEP 1: SELECT INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ACTORS
Select two International Political Actors that most intrigue you.
STEP 2: EXPLAIN YOUR SELECTED INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ACTORS
In 5-sentences or more, explain the two International Political Actors you selected. You can use the following questions to help explain your choice:
Which two International Political Actors most interest you and why?
What is at least one trade-off in focusing on two International Political Actors versus all the International Political Actors?
What is at least one benefit of using two International Political Actors versus using just one International Political Actors?
What is the membership structure of one or both of the International Political Actors?

part one
Discussion – 03 Positive or Normative Perspective
About
“Positive or Normative Perspective” is a Discussion assessment that encourages students to describe a chapter section from a positive (“what is”) or normative (“what should be”) perspective.
Prompt
There are two perspectives we can use to examine any object, such as a chapter section: positive and normative.
Positive Perspective
A positive perspective seeks to answer the question: “what is?” While a normative perspective seeks to answer the question: “what should be?”
The positive perspective is more closely associated with an “objective” or “matter-of-fact” view. For example, if we see a red tomato growing in a garden, a positive perspective would state: “There is a red tomato growing in the garden”.
Normative Perspective
A normative perspective is more closely associated with a “subjective” or “opinionated” view. For example, if we see a red tomato growing in a garden, a normative perspective would state: “There is a red tomato growing in the garden, but I think there should be a green zucchini growing instead.”
Instructions
In 5 sentences, evaluate a chapter section from a normative or positive perspective.
Recall that a normative perspective is asking “What should be?” while a positive perspective is asking “What is?”
Post
Please state the perspective you will use to evaluate a chapter/chapter section/topic: either normative perspective OR a positive perspective.
From your chosen perspective, explain in 5 or more sentences a chapter/chapter section/topic.
You can choose any chapter/chapter section/topic from the textbook/textbook equivalent to evaluate.
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.part two
PPP – 03 Data Analyst Workflow and Roundtabl
About
PPP – Data Analyst Workflow and Roundtable. The Workflow is a set of tasks you need to complete to produce part of your Presentation. While the Roundtable is a submitted Discussion where you check in with your classmates and the professor about the workflow.
Data Analysis “is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data.”[1] Data analysts work with spreadsheets, collections of spreadsheets (also called databases), and data analysis software. We typically use software by “pointing and clicking”. However, software can be “programmed” as well.
Estimated Time
An estimated 4 hours is needed to complete this activity.
Learning Objectives
By the completion of this learning unit, you will be able to:
Remember what data analysis is.
Understand the utility of causal models.
Apply causal models to your public problem.
Analyze data for patterns related to your public problem’s causes or effects.
Evaluate the utility of data analysis in explaining a public problem.
Create a “Data Analyst Highlight” slide.
Assignment: Data Analyst Workflow
The purpose of the following tasks is to: learn about 2 data analysis software; read about causal models; create three causal models related to your public problem; and create a presentation slide.
Step 1: Overview of data analysis software
The purpose of this step is to introduce yourself to two industry-leading software for data analysis. You are not expected to use this software for this workflow, I just want you to know that it exists so in the future when you hear about data analysis, you will recall: “Hey, I remember there is data analysis software called R Studio and/or STATA!”
Watch RStudio OverviewLinks to an external site.
As an alternative to watching the video, visit RStudio interface by BookdownLinks to an external site. to read about the R Studio interface.
Watch Tour of STATA 16 InterfaceLinks to an external site.As an alternative to watching the video, visit Stata’s interface pageLinks to an external site. to read about the STATA interface.
Step 2: Explore Causal Models
The purpose of this step is to read two short articles that explain causal models and the causal modeling process. This is important for you to read so that you can complete the next step of drawing or creating your own causal models related to your specific public problem.
Read Youngblut, J. M. 1994. “A Consumer’s Guide to Causal Modeling: Part I.”Links to an external site. Journal of pediatric nursing 9(4): 268–71.
Read Youngblut, J. M. 1994. “A Consumer’s Guide to Causal Modeling: Part II.”Links to an external site. Journal of pediatric nursing 9(6): 409–13.
Step 3: Identify your unit of observation
The purpose of this step is to consider what you are observing, before clarifying the relationship between cause and effect.
You need to think about the unit of observation your public problem affects. Units of observation are the objects that are affected by the public problem, which can be people, school districts, cities, counties, states, or countries.
What is your unit of observation?
I want to reiterate that your unit of observation should be people, school districts, cities, counties, states, or countries, unless you have a logical argument for it to be some other unit.
Step 4: Draw/Create three Causal Models related to your Public Problem
The purpose of this step is to apply your knowledge of causal models to your specific public problem. The way you apply your knowledge is by drawing three causal models using pen and paper, or creating three causal models using software, such as Microsoft Word SmartArt or Google Draw.
Draw using pen and paper or design using art/draw in document editor (ex. Microsoft Word SmartArt or draw.ioLinks to an external site.) three causal models related to your public problem.
Causal model #1 drawing.
Causal model #2 drawing.
Causal model #3 drawing.
While we are using the language of “causes” and “effects”, there are other terms that are more appropriately use in analyzing causal relations. Causes can also be known as “independent variables” or “treatments”. Effects can also be known as “dependent variables” or “outcomes”.
Step 5: Create your “Data Analyst’s Highlight” Presentation Slide for your Presentation
The purpose of this step is to reflect on these steps by explaining what you liked or disliked about the process, place one or more of your drawn/created causal models in a presentation slide, and find a data table, chart, or graph related public problem and placing it a presentation slide.
A Google Slides Presentation templateLinks to an external site. is available to assist you in preparing this slide and your presentation.

part one
SIM – 02 International Politics
About
SIM – International Politics is an Assignment where you explore the concept of the International politics and International political actors.
Estimated Time
An estimated 2 hours is needed to complete this activity.
What is International Politics?
International politics is the struggle of who gets what, when, where, how, and why throughout the globe.
International politics is sometimes viewed not a completely global matter, but as struggles between two global superpowers (ex: USA and USSR during the Cold War), struggles between superpowers and great powers, and regional struggles between two or more countries in close geographic proximity to one another.
The key here is that international politics focuses exclusively on what happens outside the borders of any single country.
Why are International Politics important?
International politics are important for three reasons:
First, international politics can set the range of actions international political actors can take on the global stage.
Second, international politics shapes the motives and behaviors of governments, businesses, influence trade, immigration, humanitarian assistance, environmental efforts, and shape international norms, customs, laws, and cultures. International politics is complex, as we will explore later, so we acknowledge it’s macro effects on governments, businesses, and people, as well as its micro effects on individuals and communities throughout the world.
Third, international politics can spillover beyond the traditional gates of government and military channels to shape domestic dialogues, instigate domestic events, and drive domestic actors to react. In other words, international politics can affect domestic matters in observable and less observable ways.
What International Political Actors shape International Relations?
Group 1: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
“OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member Countries. OPEC’s formation by five oil-producing developing countries in Baghdad in September 1960 occurred at a time of transition in the international economic and political landscape, with extensive decolonisation and the birth of many new independent states in the developing world. ” (OPECLinks to an external site.)
Group 2: China
“China’s historical civilization dates from at least 1200 B.C.; from the 3rd century B.C. and for the next two millennia, China alternated between periods of unity and disunity under a succession of imperial dynasties. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Chinese Communist Party under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China’s sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO’s successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically but political controls remain tight. Since the early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations.” (CIA World FactbookLinks to an external site.)
Group 3: European Union
“The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe.[11] Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market;[12] enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and maintain common policies on trade,[13] agriculture,[14] fisheries and regional development.[15]” (WikipediaLinks to an external site.)
Group 4: International Monetary Fund
“The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries that make up its near-global membership. The IMF’s primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other. The Fund’s mandate was updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability.” (IMFLinks to an external site.)
Group 5: Russia
“Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the ROMANOV Dynasty. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states.” (CIA World FactbookLinks to an external site.)
Group 6: United Nations
“The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. Due to the powers vested in its Charter and its unique international character, the United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, gender equality, governance, food production, and more. The UN also provides a forum for its members to express their views in the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees. By enabling dialogue between its members, and by hosting negotiations, the Organization has become a mechanism for governments to find areas of agreement and solve problems together. The UN’s Chief Administrative Officer is the Secretary-General. 2020 marks the 75th anniversary of the United Nations.” (UNLinks to an external site.)
Group 7: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
“Security in our daily lives is key to our well-being. NATO’s purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. POLITICAL – NATO promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defence and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict. MILITARY – NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defence clause of NATO’s founding treaty – Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organisations.” (NATOLinks to an external site.)
Group 8: World Bank
“With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Development Association; International Finance Corporation; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency; and International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes” (World BankLinks to an external site.)
Instructions
Step 1: Select International Political Actors
Select two International Political Actors that most intrigue you.
Step 2: Explain your Selected International Political Actors
In 5-sentences or more, explain the two International Political Actors you selected. You can use the following questions to help explain your choice:
Which two International Political Actors most interest you and why?
What is at least one trade-off in focusing on two International Political Actors versus all the International Political Actors?
What is at least one benefit of using two International Political Actors versus using just one International Political Actors?
What is the membership structure of one or both of the International Political Actors?
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Select any two countries, below, and compare one aspect of their political system or society. You may select any topic you wish, including those dealing with governmental institutions, political culture, religion, civil wars and terrorism, role of women, colonial history or environmental conditions and policies, but you must get an approval before you proceed. You are not allowed to compare entire political systems!

The Research Paper should be around 8-10 pages (2,400–3,000 words) in length, written in good English and well polished, based on solid research and equipped with both bibliography and references. The minimum required number of sources is 10 but more is desirable.