Category: Political Science

Write a paper that responds to the following: <
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Option #1
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As we have learned in this class, socially constructed notions of race always hinge around related and equally constructed notions of space/place. Likewise, different manifestations of racisms (relationships of power premised on purported race differences) always require maneuvers over physically controlling and structuring space. Additionally, these ideological and material processes of space (re)taking and race (re)making require a constant process of re-adaptation. <
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Write an essay that uses one or several case studies that we discussed or read about in class to make an argument about how “relations between races are relations between places,” but also how this happens in ways that requires historical “change.” Think about how this happens through both the “racialization of space” and the “spatialization of race” (see clarifying note below). You may also touch on how people most affected by “race, space, and segregation” have sought to survive and upend that racialization of space/spatialization of race, or if not, how you think that racializing/segregatory force can be interrupted and reversed. <
<
—–
<
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CLARIFYING NOTE: by “racialization of space”/“spatialization of race,” I am referring to the “yin and yang” “feedback loop” relationship we discussed during lecture. It involves complementarity, interconnection, and interdependence between: <
<
the racialization of space = the ideological or symbolic attribution of racialized characteristics to specific bodies and the places they are associated with. This may happen through mass media cultural representations, political campaigning and race-baiting, policing practices and prosecutorial policies, and even though the way architects and planners conceived and design urban or architectural space <
the spatialization of race= the literal displacement, emplacement (i.e., segregation), bordering, and policing in space (in other words, state “ordering”) of peoples and communities physically circumscribed to certain places. This can happen in obvious physical ways (e.g., through Jim Crow ordinances or other racial apartheid policies). It may also happen through “softer,” less detectable mechanisms and less visible borders that still have the material effect of concentrating certain populations through certain parts of a city or regions of a state or country (e.g,, through policing practices that make it very difficult for minorities to live in a place where they “stick out,” or through veiled de facto housing discrimination). It also happens as a function of racialized-class differentials (see slides for Weeks 1-2) that make it difficult for people of unemployed poor, working-poor, and even lower middle-class income brackets to live in locations where middle and upper-middle-class people reside. Although disproportionate class precarity correlates with membership within certain historically racialized and marginalized populations (e.g., Black, Latinx, or Native American in California), class inequity is so normalized in the US’ liberal individualist capitalist economy that it is difficult for most people to see that classed aspect of structural racism as unjust (in other words, as in contradiction with the US’ professed adherence to the defense of individual equal protections from discrimination). <
<
I’ve attached two readings for you to review them and write the essay by citing them and linking them with it.
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Thank you

Citizen Advisory Boards & Law Enforcement: Are they Necessary or Not?
Read the article listed on this website:
https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/citizen-advisory-boards-in-contemporary-practice-a-practical-approach-in-policing/Links to an external site.
Discussion: In your opinion, are citizen review or advisory boards a necessary complement to policing and police administration.
Address: The function of policing and police administration
Address: The benefits or deficits associated with citizen review and advisory boards.
Provide your stance.
Criteria:
You must post first to be able view your colleagues post/responses.
Post/Responses must be 250 words or more
Discussion should be scholarly and original.

ASSESSMENT: ARTICLE REVIEW [500 words]
Select ONE core text from the Topics covered in the first half of Semester B (from 1 to 6) and write an article review (max. 500. words). The core text I have chosen is Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal forum 139, pp. 139-168.
The article review should include the following:
Summarise the argument(s) of the text.
Explain how the argument(s) of the text relates to perspectives/ debates in Gender and Politics.
Evaluate where possible the strengths and/or weaknesses of the text.
Conclude by providing a brief discussion of the overall contribution of the text to our understanding of the topic.
You can bring in other texts from the module reading list if relevant and to offer a comparison, expand or challenge a point raised or justify any claims made. Remember, however, that the focus should remain on the text under review. You may use the readings I put for the first assessment above and/or the readings down below:
Gail Lewis (2013) Unsafe Travel: Experiencing Intersectionality and Feminist Displacements. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38(4), pp. 869-892.
Jennifer C. Nash (2013) Practicing love: Black feminism, love-politics, and post-intersectionality. Meridians11(2), pp. 1-24.
Sara Ahmed (2014) “The Contingency of Pain,” in The Cultural Politics of Emotions (Second Edition). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 20-41.
Sara Salem (2018) Intersectionality and its discontents: Intersectionality as traveling theory. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(4), pp. 403-418.
Consider the following questions when writing your review:
How does the text you are reviewing relate to other ideas that you have read or come across?
How comprehensive / partial is the information provided in the text? What else would you need to know to have a full appreciation of the subject matter?
Is the content located within a particular school of thought or ideological positioning? Could you locate it within a debate? Are there other views presented elsewhere that support or counter the views stated in your text?
Does the text provide empirical evidence to support its claims or are they based on theory and argument? How persuasive are they?
What are the core insights of the text and, if relevant, how do they complement/ contradict the insights from other reading(s) you have encountered in your studies?
What are the relative strengths and limitations of the text?
Any questions feel free to ask please.

Citizen Advisory Boards & Law Enforcement: Are they Necessary or Not?
Read the article listed on this website:
https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/citizen-advisory-boards-in-contemporary-practice-a-practical-approach-in-policing/Links to an external site.
Discussion: In your opinion, are citizen review or advisory boards a necessary complement to policing and police administration.
Address: The function of policing and police administration
Address: The benefits or deficits associated with citizen review and advisory boards.
Provide your stance.
Criteria:
You must post first to be able view your colleagues post/responses.
Post/Responses must be 250 words or more
Discussion should be scholarly and original.

ASSESSMENT: ARTICLE REVIEW [500 words]
Select ONE core text from the Topics covered in the first half of Semester B (from 1 to 6) and write an article review (max. 500. words). The core text I have chosen is Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal forum 139, pp. 139-168.
The article review should include the following:
Summarise the argument(s) of the text.
Explain how the argument(s) of the text relates to perspectives/ debates in Gender and Politics.
Evaluate where possible the strengths and/or weaknesses of the text.
Conclude by providing a brief discussion of the overall contribution of the text to our understanding of the topic.
You can bring in other texts from the module reading list if relevant and to offer a comparison, expand or challenge a point raised or justify any claims made. Remember, however, that the focus should remain on the text under review. You may use the readings I put for the first assessment above and/or the readings down below:
Gail Lewis (2013) Unsafe Travel: Experiencing Intersectionality and Feminist Displacements. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38(4), pp. 869-892.
Jennifer C. Nash (2013) Practicing love: Black feminism, love-politics, and post-intersectionality. Meridians11(2), pp. 1-24.
Sara Ahmed (2014) “The Contingency of Pain,” in The Cultural Politics of Emotions (Second Edition). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 20-41.
Sara Salem (2018) Intersectionality and its discontents: Intersectionality as traveling theory. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 25(4), pp. 403-418.
Consider the following questions when writing your review:
How does the text you are reviewing relate to other ideas that you have read or come across?
How comprehensive / partial is the information provided in the text? What else would you need to know to have a full appreciation of the subject matter?
Is the content located within a particular school of thought or ideological positioning? Could you locate it within a debate? Are there other views presented elsewhere that support or counter the views stated in your text?
Does the text provide empirical evidence to support its claims or are they based on theory and argument? How persuasive are they?
What are the core insights of the text and, if relevant, how do they complement/ contradict the insights from other reading(s) you have encountered in your studies?
What are the relative strengths and limitations of the text?
Any questions feel free to ask please.

Write a paper that responds to the following:
<
<
Option #1
<
<
As we have learned in this class, socially constructed notions of race always hinge around related and equally constructed notions of space/place. Likewise, different manifestations of racisms (relationships of power premised on purported race differences) always require maneuvers over physically controlling and structuring space. Additionally, these ideological and material processes of space (re)taking and race (re)making require a constant process of re-adaptation.
<
<
Write an essay that uses one or several case studies that we discussed or read about in class to make an argument about how “relations between races are relations between places,” but also how this happens in ways that requires historical “change.” Think about how this happens through both the “racialization of space” and the “spatialization of race” (see clarifying note below). You may also touch on how people most affected by “race, space, and segregation” have sought to survive and upend that racialization of space/spatialization of race, or if not, how you think that racializing/segregatory force can be interrupted and reversed.
<
<
—–
<
<
CLARIFYING NOTE: by “racialization of space”/“spatialization of race,” I am referring to the “yin and yang” “feedback loop” relationship we discussed during lecture. It involves complementarity, interconnection, and interdependence between:
<
<
the racialization of space = the ideological or symbolic attribution of racialized characteristics to specific bodies and the places they are associated with. This may happen through mass media cultural representations, political campaigning and race-baiting, policing practices and prosecutorial policies, and even though the way architects and planners conceived and design urban or architectural space
<
the spatialization of race= the literal displacement, emplacement (i.e., segregation), bordering, and policing in space (in other words, state “ordering”) of peoples and communities physically circumscribed to certain places. This can happen in obvious physical ways (e.g., through Jim Crow ordinances or other racial apartheid policies). It may also happen through “softer,” less detectable mechanisms and less visible borders that still have the material effect of concentrating certain populations through certain parts of a city or regions of a state or country (e.g,, through policing practices that make it very difficult for minorities to live in a place where they “stick out,” or through veiled de facto housing discrimination). It also happens as a function of racialized-class differentials (see slides for Weeks 1-2) that make it difficult for people of unemployed poor, working-poor, and even lower middle-class income brackets to live in locations where middle and upper-middle-class people reside. Although disproportionate class precarity correlates with membership within certain historically racialized and marginalized populations (e.g., Black, Latinx, or Native American in California), class inequity is so normalized in the US’ liberal individualist capitalist economy that it is difficult for most people to see that classed aspect of structural racism as unjust (in other words, as in contradiction with the US’ professed adherence to the defense of individual equal protections from discrimination).
<
<
I’ve attached two readings for you to review them and write the essay by citing them and linking them with it.
<
Thank you

Answer the questions below. Answers should be approximately three complete and well-written sentences that are specific and concrete.
1. What were the major events that led to the American Revolution? Why did Britain’s attitude toward the colonies become harsher after 1763?
2. How was the Articles of Confederation designed? Why was it designed this way? What were its strengths and weaknesses?
3. How was the Constitution designed? Why was it designed this way? What were its strengths and weaknesses?
6. What is federalism? How have its definitions evolved?
7. How is power between the national and state governments divided in the Constitution? Who has ultimate supremacy? How do we know this?
8. How is power divided within the national government? What are checks and balances?
9. What was McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) about? What was its significance?
10. What is nationalization? How did it develop over time? How does it solve collective action problems?

Answer the questions below. Answers should be approximately three complete and well-written sentences that are specific and concrete.
1. What were the major events that led to the American Revolution? Why did Britain’s attitude toward the colonies become harsher after 1763?
2. How was the Articles of Confederation designed? Why was it designed this way? What were its strengths and weaknesses?
3. How was the Constitution designed? Why was it designed this way? What were its strengths and weaknesses?
6. What is federalism? How have its definitions evolved?
7. How is power between the national and state governments divided in the Constitution? Who has ultimate supremacy? How do we know this?
8. How is power divided within the national government? What are checks and balances?
9. What was McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) about? What was its significance?
10. What is nationalization? How did it develop over time? How does it solve collective action problems?

Abstract/ Review Topic: In what way is Pan-Africanism challenging/not challenging the construct of the state and the future of the AU? Use primary documents from the AU to support your argument.
There are key things an abstract should include:
– the context of the study,
– the research question(s),
– the methodology used,
– the theoretical lens being applied,
– and what the key findings are.
Abstracts do not use citations in text, but include a list of references

This is the first of three case studies analyses that provide an opportunity to develop your skills in assessing an organizational situation and providing support for a particular course of recommended action. These assignments will be in the form of a memo addressed to the executive director of the focal organization, not to exceed 2 single-spaced pages. The memo must identify the problem as you see it, recommend solutions, and provide support for your perspective. An analysis memo is a short document designed to communicate essential information about an issue to a busy decision-maker.
State major problems in the case and briefly explain the context in which key decisions must be made. Next, describe and assess proposed solutions to the problem, which you believe is the best course of action, and your reasons. Identify the next steps if your proposed solution is adopted and outline a “Plan B” in the event that your proposed solution fails. Show how the readings informed your understanding of the case and influenced your decision-making. Do not attempt to address every issue in the case, focus on your analysis of the problem and propose a potentially viable solution.
Please use the outline below: Open with a brief one-paragraph summary (labeled Executive Summary)
What is the context, key issue(s), and your recommendation?
Background
Why are we facing these issues? Identify root causes.
Recommendations
What are your specific recommendations? Rationale? Alternatives?
Next steps
How should your recommendations be implemented? What are the priorities?
The case is in the file.