Category: History

Assignment II
Part of what we will try to establish in this course are connections that tie events that are often centuries and continents apart. Think of it as big picture over time.
I would like you to reflect upon the possible connections that would tie the rise of Genghis (Chinggis) Khan to the era of intense spiritual and intellectual upheaval and questioning in late Medieval Europe (14th, 15th, and into 16th centuries) that preceded what came to be known as the Protestant Reformation. The Mongol expansion sparked a series of events that might provide us with at least one piece of the puzzle to explain what led society to question everything it had more or less quietly accepted before. (I stress, this is a possible explanation of some of the many factors). Very specifically, I am asking you to consider disease as the particular engine of change here. You are NOT going to discuss the PR itself, but to consider how the Mongols set off a chain of events that ultimately and indirectly (through the Plague) created a shift in attitudes that could open the way to a movement of questioning, like the PR, to emerge
In essence I am asking you to follow the domino pieces. Some of the domino pieces include the Mongol conquests, Mongol Empire, Movement of Armies and Merchants, Plague, Devastation, Depletion of Monastic Orders, Expanded Charity Requirements…. Making the correct connection and linkages and expressing them well is crucial. I am asking to follow on particular argument though focused mostly on disease, so although there are many other interesting factors (knowledge transfers and the like) please focus on disease.
In other words, try to provide a narrative that could explain the connections between these seemingly unconnected events some. You need to provide details derived from our class material on each event and a clear explanation of the connections – please be sure to establish a timeline and to provide dates.
Notice that there is already an argument inherent to this prompt. You do not need to create and original argument. Part of the exercise here is to see how well you can succinctly express this argument in your thesis statement.
Instructions:

To answer this question, you will want to use the Power Points on the Mongol Expansion and the PP on the Black Death, and the article titled “Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa ” (I HAVE ATTACHED PDF’S OF THESE)
Please be sure to cite.
The article contains primary source material which should be of great help to you as you explain just how the disease possibly spread to Europe (at least one documented route we know of) and affected society. DO NOT use arguments from outside sources.
I expect this to be typed, proofed, edited and polished. Double space, use 12 size font and employ regular margins (1 inch). You should be able to answer this in no more than 4 pages .
Send me or your TAs any questions you might have, and we will do our best to answer them. I have given you two weeks to complete this assignment, please do a good job of it.
There are a few issues I would like to elaborate on in order to dispel any possible confusion
1- The Mongol unification gave rise to a certain set of events. Those then set other events off, which in turn set off yet others until we finally have the events that I have referred to as a period of upheaval and questioning (Those things that caused people to question the church and so on and so forth.) That is what I am asking you to discuss and explain. How the plague arrived in Europe and how it created to the preconditions for a movement of intellectual and social revolt (so to speak.)
2- The article we read should be useful since if you draw the right information from it you can describe the effects of the plague and how it affected society, to support the argument that this was a time of chaos and fear and so on a so forth…Be sure to review the lecture notes carefully and use them when appropriate.
3- Please use Chicago Manual of Style referencing style – I have provided you brief guide (module 3.) You may also want to use our library resources: http://libguides.fiu.edu/citation
PROOF, EDIT, and USE WRITING CENTER

WARNING: Let me also take this opportunity to point out, in the strongest terms possible, that plagiarism will result in severe penalties in this class. Let me be very clear, between the turn-it-in filters and our experience detecting tone shifts in a paper, your chances of successfully passing off a plagiarized paper are slim.
Assignments will be graded on the following criteria:
1) Quality of thesis statement which you craft in response to the question: A thesis statement as you should be aware, is a succinct statement that usually comes at the very end of your introduction and posits your argument. Basically, you will be assessed on how well you explain the argument you are presenting in your paper, or in some cases how well you describe the arguments in the reading or readings you have been assigned (depending on directions in prompt)
2) Quality of supporting evidence: You will be assessed on how well you use relevant quotations and appropriate material from assigned readings and lectures to support your argument; and on whether you cite that material properly. In this class we will be using what is known as the Chicago or Turabian style in order to format our citations. NOTE: Failure to use assigned material will result in vert poor or failing grade all other things considered.
3) Organization of Paper: You will be assessed on how well you organize your narrative in support of your argument. In short, does your narrative progress logically and in a way that supports your thesis/argument and leaves the reader convinced of how right you are!
4) Quality of writing. YES, quality of writing is crucial. Recall this is not a literature composition but an analytical essay. Write clearly and succinctly. Doing otherwise could result in failure!

Quality of Intro and Thesis Statement:
Does the paper include a thesis statement that presents the overall argument of a connection between the Mongol expansion, and changes to European mental attitudes.
The idea is to explain how the Mongol expansion led to increased contacts between peoples. The Mongol Armies (this includes the Tartars mentioned by Gabriel de Mussis) having brought many areas of Eurasia under their control secured the trade routes and promoted trade. This brought large numbers of merchants from Europe into direct contact with the Mongol armies and merchants from the East. While the exchange of goods and ideas was beneficial it also inadvertently facilitated the spread of the plague which caused great trauma across Afro-Eurasia. In Europe this eventually led to the questioning of everything by society, including the Church
b-Is thesis positioned correctly in introduction (at the end)
c-Does any part of introduction create ambiguity as to the main argument that the prompt directed us towards
Quality of Supporting Evidence
a- Student engaged the Mongol and Black Death PP, and the Required “Siege of Caffa article (hopefully using the Gabriel De Mussis Primary Account in article.)
b- Student uses the most relevant quotes and details where appropriate (details of disease, of the horror…) and clearly explain the purpose of the quote. Basically, does student demonstrates understanding of what they are quoting
c- Student appropriately uses quotation marks and understands the need to integrate quotes in sentence and paragraph.
*useful skill: appropriately shifting verb tenses and prepositions inside quotes and inserting changes between brackets [] as appropriate, is a way to properly integrate quotes into your narrative
e- Student cites material appropriately using Turabian style in the footnotes
Organization of Paper
a- Student addresses every part of prompt
b- Student uses paragraphs to appropriately organize the narrative and clearly delineates the topic of each paragraph (topic statement) and retains clarity throughout
c- Student transitions smoothly between paragraphs (using transitional statements where necessary) and not leave reader wondering ‘why are we discussing this sub-topic here?’
d- Student has a proper conclusion that revisits thesis and expounds on it
Quality of Writing
a- Word Choice (words used in appropriate context.)
b- Grammatical errors (verbs usage, preposition usage, possessive usage…)
c-Sentence Clarity! Are words and phrases well-arranged do they create a well-formed sentence
d-Sufficient Original Content

present a biography of an important figure in American history from pre-Columbus to Reconstruction (1876). I would like to do Sacagawea. The biography can be presented as either a 6 to 8-page scholarly paper (title pages do not count towards the total pages). Notes must be in Turabian (also known as Chicago) format and include at least three sources in addition to your textbook. You will state why you chose the individual, give a brief synopsis of their background, describe their careers, and explain their impact on the history of the United States to include why you think we should know more about them. The important thing is to answer the “so what?” question which means giving us the reasons why we should learn more about this person. Papers will be formatted with 1” margins, use 12-point Times New Roman font, be double spaced, include a title page and bibliography. Title pages/slides will be formatted to have the title of the paper, your name, course, the college, and the date.

This discussion assignment is a discussion and evaluation of four Egyptian Pharoahs. You are to pick ONE of these pharoahs and describe what they accomplished as a pharoah during their ruling period. You are to use the text, supplementary material, and video .Choose one of these Pharoahs: Narmer, Djoser, Cheops or Khafre. You are to use the text, supplementary in the module and the video information. This assignment will give you insights into the life of times of your chosen pharoah. You will have detailed comments on your pharoah dexcribe and you will now have insights in toe leadership qualities of your chosen pharoah and the various struggles of this pharoah. These four were clearly among the key pharoahs of ancieent Egypt.

You and your instructor are to discuss the leadership of Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla and their achievements. Your discussion will focus on which of these two leaders did you feel was the most impressive and most successful and why. This discussion will show how you understand the importance of these two men to the Roman Republic.

In this assignment you will describe English imperialism in America and in Asia. You will show how the English established settlements in America and in Asia. This assignment will give you an insight into English imperialism and the voyages of expansion. You will use text especially chapters 2 and 4, supplementary materials and videos in this assignment, you will feel the excitement and profit from the English imperialism in America and in Asia.
PORTUGAL IMPERIALISM IN ASIA
Portugal’s imperialism in Asia, beginning in the early 16th century, was a significant chapter in the broader history of European expansion. The Portuguese were among the first European powers to establish a presence in Asia, driven by the desire for spices, precious metals, and other exotic goods, as well as religious motives. Their imperial activities in Asia set the stage for later European colonization and played a critical role in shaping global trade networks.
Early Exploration and Establishment of Trading Posts
Portugal’s exploration of the East was led by figures like Prince Henry the Navigator, and later Vasco da Gama’s successful voyage to India in 1498 opened the door to Asia. With superior navigational techniques and advanced ships, the Portuguese were able to establish trading posts along the coasts of India, Southeast Asia, and China. These ports, such as Goa (1510), Malacca (1511), and Macau (1557), became strategic hubs for the spice trade, which was highly profitable in Europe.
The Portuguese didn’t aim to conquer large territories in Asia. Instead, they established a series of fortresses and trading posts along key maritime routes. Their goal was to control trade rather than rule vast lands. Goa became the administrative center of their Asian empire, and they exerted influence over the Indian Ocean by controlling the sea lanes and imposing taxes on merchant ships.
Commercial Motivations and Monopoly of the Spice Trade
The Portuguese imperial strategy in Asia was deeply tied to economic motivations, particularly the lucrative spice trade. Before the Portuguese arrived, spices like cinnamon, cloves, and pepper were traded through complex networks controlled by Arab, Indian, and Southeast Asian traders. Portugal sought to bypass these middlemen and establish a direct trade route between Europe and the spice-producing regions.
By controlling key ports and sea routes, the Portuguese attempted to monopolize the spice trade. Their naval superiority allowed them to impose a cartaz system, where Asian merchants had to buy a permit to trade. Those who refused faced naval blockades or attacks. This control over the spice trade generated immense wealth for Portugal but also led to conflicts with other powers, including the Ottoman Empire, which sought to maintain control over Middle Eastern trade routes, and indigenous rulers, who were wary of foreign interference.
Religious and Cultural Impact
In addition to economic interests, religion played a significant role in Portuguese imperialism. Portugal, a staunchly Catholic country, saw itself as a defender of Christendom and sought to spread Christianity in the lands it reached. Missionary efforts, particularly by the Jesuits, were central to the Portuguese presence in Asia. In Goa, for example, Christian missionaries worked to convert the local population, and Portuguese authorities even imposed European cultural practices on the local elite.
Perhaps the most successful missionary effort occurred in Japan, where Jesuits, including St. Francis Xavier, converted thousands of Japanese to Christianity in the mid-16th century. However, this influence was short-lived as local rulers became suspicious of Portuguese intentions and eventually expelled foreign missionaries.
Decline of Portuguese Power in Asia
Despite their initial success, Portuguese power in Asia began to decline by the late 16th century. Several factors contributed to this. First, Portugal lacked the resources and manpower to maintain its vast empire. Its focus on controlling key trading ports rather than large territories left it vulnerable to local resistance and competition from emerging European powers.
The union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580 weakened Portugal’s ability to defend its Asian empire, as Spain was more focused on its American colonies. Meanwhile, the Dutch and English began to challenge Portuguese control of Asian trade routes in the early 17th century. The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company rapidly expanded their presence in Asia, using military force and strategic alliances to take over Portuguese-controlled ports and trade routes.
By the mid-17th century, Portugal had lost many of its key Asian outposts to the Dutch, and its influence in Asia waned significantly. However, it retained control of Goa and Macau until much later, with Macau remaining a Portuguese territory until 1999.
Legacy of Portuguese Imperialism in Asia
The legacy of Portuguese imperialism in Asia is complex. Economically, the Portuguese contributed to the globalization of trade and introduced European goods, ideas, and technologies to Asia. Culturally, Portuguese influence can still be seen in places like Goa, where Catholicism and Portuguese architecture have left a lasting imprint.
However, Portuguese imperialism also had negative consequences. The Portuguese often imposed harsh trading terms on local populations, and their missionary efforts sometimes led to violent confrontations with indigenous peoples. Moreover, the Portuguese imperial project in Asia helped pave the way for later European colonialism, particularly by the Dutch and British, who would establish much larger empires in the region.
Portugal’s imperialism in Asia was a pioneering venture that reshaped global trade networks and left a lasting impact on the region. Through its early control of key maritime routes and trading posts, Portugal established itself as a dominant force in the spice trade. However, the limitations of Portugal’s resources, combined with the rise of other European powers, led to the decline of its Asian empire. Despite this, the legacy of Portuguese imperialism continues to be felt, particularly in regions like Goa and Macau, where the fusion of Portuguese and Asian cultures remains evident today.
DUTCH COLONIZATION IN ASIA
The Dutch colonization in Asia primarily centered around their control of trade routes and key territories, particularly during the 17th and 18th centuries, as part of the larger European colonial expansions. Here are the key elements:
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Foundation: The Dutch East India Company, known as the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), was established in 1602 and became the leading Dutch organization for trade and colonization in Asia.
Trade Monopoly: The VOC was granted a trade monopoly in Asia by the Dutch government, enabling it to dominate trade in spices, textiles, and other valuable goods.
Corporate Powers: It had the authority to sign treaties, build forts, and even wage wars, making it a powerful colonial entity.
Key Colonies and Regions of Influence
Indonesia (Dutch East Indies):Importance: The Dutch colonized parts of what is now Indonesia, making it the crown jewel of their colonial empire in Asia.
Spice Islands (Maluku Islands): Control of the Spice Islands (present-day Maluku) was a major goal due to the lucrative trade in cloves, nutmeg, and mace.
Batavia (Jakarta): The Dutch established Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) in 1619 as the center of their operations, which became a vital hub for the VOC in Asia.
Ceylon (Sri Lanka):The Dutch took control of Ceylon from the Portuguese in 1656 and maintained it until the British took over in 1796. The island was significant for its cinnamon production.
India:The Dutch established several trading posts in India, including in Surat, Pulicat, and Negapatam. However, their influence in India diminished as the British and French strengthened their control over the region.
Taiwan (Formosa):The Dutch briefly controlled parts of Taiwan between 1624 and 1662, using it as a trading post for commerce with China and Japan.
Japan:The Dutch were the only Europeans allowed to trade with Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate’s period of isolation (Sakoku). Dutch merchants were confined to the island of Dejima in Nagasaki harbor.
Methods of Control and Trade
Indirect Rule and Alliances: The Dutch often formed alliances with local rulers, especially in Indonesia, allowing them to control trade while leaving much of the local administration in place.
Trade over Territory: Unlike other colonial powers, the Dutch were primarily focused on controlling trade routes and commodities rather than outright land conquest.
Enslavement and Forced Labor: The VOC used forced labor, particularly in the production of valuable goods such as spices, coffee, and sugar.
Decline
The VOC began to decline in the 18th century due to corruption, mismanagement, and increased competition from the British and French.
In 1799, the Dutch government took over the VOC’s territories and debts, leading to the formal establishment of the Dutch East Indies as a colonial state.
Lasting Impacts
Cultural Influence: Dutch colonization left a legacy of language, architecture, and legal systems, particularly in Indonesia.
Economic Exploitation: The Dutch extracted vast wealth from their Asian colonies, often at the expense of the local populations, through forced labor and monopoly control over trade.
Dutch colonization in Asia was primarily driven by economic interests and had profound effects on the regions under their control, particularly in Indonesia.

You will join the instructor and other students in discussing which of the countries of Spain, France, or England was more successful in your opinion in exploring and colonizing areas outside the mother country. You will agree or disagree with students and the instructor in their discussion of European imperialism.

In this assignment you will describe English imperialism in America and in Asia. You will show how the English established settlements in America and in Asia. This assignment will give you an insight into English imperialism and the voyages of expansion. You will use text especially chapters 2 and 4, supplementary materials and videos in this assignment, you will feel the excitement and profit from the English imperialism in America and in Asia.
PORTUGAL IMPERIALISM IN ASIA
Portugal’s imperialism in Asia, beginning in the early 16th century, was a significant chapter in the broader history of European expansion. The Portuguese were among the first European powers to establish a presence in Asia, driven by the desire for spices, precious metals, and other exotic goods, as well as religious motives. Their imperial activities in Asia set the stage for later European colonization and played a critical role in shaping global trade networks.
Early Exploration and Establishment of Trading Posts
Portugal’s exploration of the East was led by figures like Prince Henry the Navigator, and later Vasco da Gama’s successful voyage to India in 1498 opened the door to Asia. With superior navigational techniques and advanced ships, the Portuguese were able to establish trading posts along the coasts of India, Southeast Asia, and China. These ports, such as Goa (1510), Malacca (1511), and Macau (1557), became strategic hubs for the spice trade, which was highly profitable in Europe.
The Portuguese didn’t aim to conquer large territories in Asia. Instead, they established a series of fortresses and trading posts along key maritime routes. Their goal was to control trade rather than rule vast lands. Goa became the administrative center of their Asian empire, and they exerted influence over the Indian Ocean by controlling the sea lanes and imposing taxes on merchant ships.
Commercial Motivations and Monopoly of the Spice Trade
The Portuguese imperial strategy in Asia was deeply tied to economic motivations, particularly the lucrative spice trade. Before the Portuguese arrived, spices like cinnamon, cloves, and pepper were traded through complex networks controlled by Arab, Indian, and Southeast Asian traders. Portugal sought to bypass these middlemen and establish a direct trade route between Europe and the spice-producing regions.
By controlling key ports and sea routes, the Portuguese attempted to monopolize the spice trade. Their naval superiority allowed them to impose a cartaz system, where Asian merchants had to buy a permit to trade. Those who refused faced naval blockades or attacks. This control over the spice trade generated immense wealth for Portugal but also led to conflicts with other powers, including the Ottoman Empire, which sought to maintain control over Middle Eastern trade routes, and indigenous rulers, who were wary of foreign interference.
Religious and Cultural Impact
In addition to economic interests, religion played a significant role in Portuguese imperialism. Portugal, a staunchly Catholic country, saw itself as a defender of Christendom and sought to spread Christianity in the lands it reached. Missionary efforts, particularly by the Jesuits, were central to the Portuguese presence in Asia. In Goa, for example, Christian missionaries worked to convert the local population, and Portuguese authorities even imposed European cultural practices on the local elite.
Perhaps the most successful missionary effort occurred in Japan, where Jesuits, including St. Francis Xavier, converted thousands of Japanese to Christianity in the mid-16th century. However, this influence was short-lived as local rulers became suspicious of Portuguese intentions and eventually expelled foreign missionaries.
Decline of Portuguese Power in Asia
Despite their initial success, Portuguese power in Asia began to decline by the late 16th century. Several factors contributed to this. First, Portugal lacked the resources and manpower to maintain its vast empire. Its focus on controlling key trading ports rather than large territories left it vulnerable to local resistance and competition from emerging European powers.
The union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580 weakened Portugal’s ability to defend its Asian empire, as Spain was more focused on its American colonies. Meanwhile, the Dutch and English began to challenge Portuguese control of Asian trade routes in the early 17th century. The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company rapidly expanded their presence in Asia, using military force and strategic alliances to take over Portuguese-controlled ports and trade routes.
By the mid-17th century, Portugal had lost many of its key Asian outposts to the Dutch, and its influence in Asia waned significantly. However, it retained control of Goa and Macau until much later, with Macau remaining a Portuguese territory until 1999.
Legacy of Portuguese Imperialism in Asia
The legacy of Portuguese imperialism in Asia is complex. Economically, the Portuguese contributed to the globalization of trade and introduced European goods, ideas, and technologies to Asia. Culturally, Portuguese influence can still be seen in places like Goa, where Catholicism and Portuguese architecture have left a lasting imprint.
However, Portuguese imperialism also had negative consequences. The Portuguese often imposed harsh trading terms on local populations, and their missionary efforts sometimes led to violent confrontations with indigenous peoples. Moreover, the Portuguese imperial project in Asia helped pave the way for later European colonialism, particularly by the Dutch and British, who would establish much larger empires in the region.
Portugal’s imperialism in Asia was a pioneering venture that reshaped global trade networks and left a lasting impact on the region. Through its early control of key maritime routes and trading posts, Portugal established itself as a dominant force in the spice trade. However, the limitations of Portugal’s resources, combined with the rise of other European powers, led to the decline of its Asian empire. Despite this, the legacy of Portuguese imperialism continues to be felt, particularly in regions like Goa and Macau, where the fusion of Portuguese and Asian cultures remains evident today.
DUTCH COLONIZATION IN ASIA
The Dutch colonization in Asia primarily centered around their control of trade routes and key territories, particularly during the 17th and 18th centuries, as part of the larger European colonial expansions. Here are the key elements:
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Foundation: The Dutch East India Company, known as the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), was established in 1602 and became the leading Dutch organization for trade and colonization in Asia.
Trade Monopoly: The VOC was granted a trade monopoly in Asia by the Dutch government, enabling it to dominate trade in spices, textiles, and other valuable goods.
Corporate Powers: It had the authority to sign treaties, build forts, and even wage wars, making it a powerful colonial entity.
Key Colonies and Regions of Influence
Indonesia (Dutch East Indies):Importance: The Dutch colonized parts of what is now Indonesia, making it the crown jewel of their colonial empire in Asia.
Spice Islands (Maluku Islands): Control of the Spice Islands (present-day Maluku) was a major goal due to the lucrative trade in cloves, nutmeg, and mace.
Batavia (Jakarta): The Dutch established Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) in 1619 as the center of their operations, which became a vital hub for the VOC in Asia.
Ceylon (Sri Lanka):The Dutch took control of Ceylon from the Portuguese in 1656 and maintained it until the British took over in 1796. The island was significant for its cinnamon production.
India:The Dutch established several trading posts in India, including in Surat, Pulicat, and Negapatam. However, their influence in India diminished as the British and French strengthened their control over the region.
Taiwan (Formosa):The Dutch briefly controlled parts of Taiwan between 1624 and 1662, using it as a trading post for commerce with China and Japan.
Japan:The Dutch were the only Europeans allowed to trade with Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate’s period of isolation (Sakoku). Dutch merchants were confined to the island of Dejima in Nagasaki harbor.
Methods of Control and Trade
Indirect Rule and Alliances: The Dutch often formed alliances with local rulers, especially in Indonesia, allowing them to control trade while leaving much of the local administration in place.
Trade over Territory: Unlike other colonial powers, the Dutch were primarily focused on controlling trade routes and commodities rather than outright land conquest.
Enslavement and Forced Labor: The VOC used forced labor, particularly in the production of valuable goods such as spices, coffee, and sugar.
Decline
The VOC began to decline in the 18th century due to corruption, mismanagement, and increased competition from the British and French.
In 1799, the Dutch government took over the VOC’s territories and debts, leading to the formal establishment of the Dutch East Indies as a colonial state.
Lasting Impacts
Cultural Influence: Dutch colonization left a legacy of language, architecture, and legal systems, particularly in Indonesia.
Economic Exploitation: The Dutch extracted vast wealth from their Asian colonies, often at the expense of the local populations, through forced labor and monopoly control over trade.
Dutch colonization in Asia was primarily driven by economic interests and had profound effects on the regions under their control, particularly in Indonesia.

Create Your Own Quiz Questions
Next week will be our content quiz on weeks 5-9. And you can be a part of the process. Below think up 5-7 questions that you might like to see on the quiz (including questions and possible answers). I will pull quality questions from this board to add to the quiz next week.
Remember that you can pull from weeks 5-9 and should have a variety of material on Persia, Greece, Rome, and China. This quiz is not cumulative.
Feel free to comment on other people’s posts with suggestions for their questions or to point out good questions that have been created.

This discussion assignment is a discussion and evaluation of four Egyptian Pharoahs. You are to pick ONE of these pharoahs and describe what they accomplished as a pharoah during their ruling period. You are to use the text, supplementary material, and video .Choose one of these Pharoahs: Narmer, Djoser, Cheops or Khafre. You are to use the text, supplementary in the module and the video information. This assignment will give you insights into the life of times of your chosen pharoah. You will have detailed comments on your pharoah dexcribe and you will now have insights in toe leadership qualities of your chosen pharoah and the various struggles of this pharoah. These four were clearly among the key pharoahs of ancieent Egypt.

You and your instructor are to discuss the leadership of Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla and their achievements. Your discussion will focus on which of these two leaders did you feel was the most impressive and most successful and why. This discussion will show how you understand the importance of these two men to the Roman Republic.