Category: History

Assignment Instructions:

Plagiarism report needed!!!!!
It is an article of faith that democracies represent the will of the populace, and therefore must be cognizant of public opinion. But this was not always the case. Before the Enlightenment (18th century) sovereigns believed that they ruled by divine will, not popular will. The signing of Magna Carta in 1215 had confirmed the principle that royalty were subject to some constraint (the opinion of other landed aristocrats). However, the next step, the idea that nations must operate according to a social contract between the governed and the government, would take another 500 years to take hold.
Attending theaters, living in urban areas, going to coffee houses, and reading newspapers all helped to give people the sense that they were part of “a public.” Wealth and education provided the public with more opportunity to congregate and more ideas to talk about. As Europe gained a middle class who participated in discussion of current affairs, governments began to listen to them more. At first this involved domestic affairs, then foreign affairs. The article below goes into more detail about the way public opinion emerged and became one of the cornerstones of modernity.
Read the information in the following article:
Speier, H. (1950). Historical Development of Public Opinion,American Journal of Sociology, 55, 4. 376-388
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2772299?&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Answer the following questions:
1. How does Speier define public opinion?
2. Until the French Revolution writers feared that the public at large were unreliable due to superstition, prejudice, and excess passion. Who did earlier writers believe was likely to hold reasonable opinions?
3. What does Speier mean when he says that “Public opinion is a phenomenon of middle-class civilization”?
4. What new ways to circulate information helped the new middle class learn about current affairs?
– Answer the questions clearly, using full sentences with correct grammar and spelling.
– Write one or two paragraphs on each question.

How To Work On This Assignment(Example Draft/Essay)

In his article, “Historical Development of Public Opinion,” Speier defines public opinion as “an expression of the attitude of a significant part of the population on matters of general concern.” This definition emphasizes that public opinion is not simply the sum of individual opinions, but rather a collective force that can shape the actions of governments and other powerful actors. Speier notes that public opinion is shaped by a range of factors, including social and economic conditions, the media, and political leaders.

Before the French Revolution, writers and thinkers believed that the general public was not capable of holding reasonable opinions due to their alleged susceptibility to superstition, prejudice, and irrational passions. Instead, these writers believed that only the educated elites – the “enlightened” few – could be trusted to form opinions based on reason and evidence. However, as Speier points out, this view began to change in the 18th century as the middle class gained education, wealth, and leisure time, leading to a broader participation in public affairs and the emergence of new forms of communication that allowed for a wider dissemination of information and ideas.

Speier argues that public opinion is a phenomenon of middle-class civilization because it was the middle class who first gained the education, wealth, and leisure time necessary to participate in public affairs and to shape public opinion. The rise of the middle class was facilitated by the growth of new forms of communication, such as newspapers, coffee houses, and theaters, which allowed for the dissemination of information and ideas among a wider audience. As more people gained access to education and information, they became more politically aware and engaged, leading to the emergence of new political movements and ideologies, such as liberalism and democracy, which sought to empower the people and to establish governments that were accountable to their citizens.

The growth of new forms of communication, particularly newspapers, played a crucial role in shaping public opinion by reporting on current events, analyzing political issues, and providing a forum for debate and discussion. The middle class gained more opportunities to congregate and discuss current affairs, which led to greater political awareness and engagement. As a result, governments began to listen to the public’s opinions more and more, at first regarding domestic affairs and later extending to foreign affairs. This new way of circulating information helped the new middle class learn about current affairs, sparking political change and helping to shape the modern world.

Assignment Instructions:

Plagiarism report needed
Discuss how hyper-identification with non-civic identities such as religion, ethnicity, race, or class undermine governability.

How To Work On This Assignment(Example Draft/Essay)

In recent years, hyper-identification with non-civic identities such as religion, ethnicity, race, or class has become a major threat to governability in many societies. The increasing polarization between different identity groups has led to the erosion of the common ground necessary for effective governance. This essay will discuss how hyper-identification with non-civic identities undermines governability and what can be done to mitigate its impact.

One of the main ways in which hyper-identification with non-civic identities undermines governability is by promoting group-based thinking over individualistic thinking. When individuals view themselves primarily as members of a particular identity group, they may be more likely to support policies and candidates that benefit their group, even if those policies and candidates are not in the best interest of the society as a whole. This leads to political polarization and a lack of compromise, making it more difficult for governments to make decisions that benefit everyone.

Another way in which hyper-identification with non-civic identities undermines governability is by creating a sense of “us versus them” mentality. When individuals view themselves as members of a particular identity group, they may be more likely to view members of other identity groups as a threat. This can lead to intergroup conflict and a breakdown of social cohesion, making it more difficult for governments to maintain law and order.

Finally, hyper-identification with non-civic identities undermines governability by promoting the idea that the government should serve the interests of particular identity groups rather than the society as a whole. This can lead to policies that benefit certain groups at the expense of others and a lack of trust in the government.

To mitigate the impact of hyper-identification with non-civic identities, governments should promote a sense of national identity that transcends individual identity groups. This can be done by promoting policies that benefit everyone, regardless of their identity group, and by celebrating diversity while emphasizing what unites us. Additionally, governments should work to address the underlying grievances that contribute to hyper-identification with non-civic identities, such as inequality and discrimination.

In conclusion, hyper-identification with non-civic identities such as religion, ethnicity, race, or class undermines governability by promoting group-based thinking, creating an “us versus them” mentality, and encouraging policies that serve particular identity groups rather than the society as a whole. To mitigate its impact, governments should promote a sense of national identity that celebrates diversity and emphasizes what unites us while working to address underlying grievances.

Assignment Instructions:

Plagiarism report needed
World War II was fatal to the European colonial empires. European states’ populations were too devastated to consider fighting to keep Asia and Africa subjugated. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were hostile to continuation of European colonies. A reluctant Britain, in return for American support, in 1941 agreed to the Atlantic Charter, a pact recognizing the right of people to choose their own government.
The Indian National Congress agreed to support the British war effort in return for a significant share of power in India and a postwar commitment to independence. The British rejected the offer. Negotiations failed to lessen increasing tensions. Mass civil disobedience campaigns, such as the Quit India movement, began during 1942. Gandhi and other leaders were imprisoned. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, gained favor by supporting the British. The war caused hardship in India through inflation and famine. When a Labour government came to power in Britain in 1945, independence in the near future was conceded. The divided Indians were unable to work out a compromise between Hindu desires for one nation under majority rule and Muslim wishes for a separate state. When communal rioting spread, the British agreed to the creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947.
Read the information in the background material, look for more information and then write a 3- to 5-page paper answering the following questions:
– Describe how decolonization occurred in India.
– Describe what happened at Partition and how this represented a breakdown in governability.
In the Module 3 Case Assignment, you are expected to:
– Describe the purpose of the paper and conclusion.
– Answer the Case Assignment questions clearly and provide necessary details.
– Provide a quality argument; that is, use good sentence structure, and avoid run-on sentences and spelling and grammar errors.
– Provide citations to support your argument and references on a separate page. Please use APA format to provide citations and references: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/.Citation and reference style instructions are available at Trident University’s Introduction to APA Style, 7th edition .
– Answer all the Case Assignment questions in an essay format instead of point format. Please do not type questions in the paper.
– Double space the paper.

How To Work On This Assignment(Example Draft/Essay)

World War II had a profound impact on the European colonial empires, particularly on their colonies in Asia and Africa. The war weakened the European states, making them unable to fight to maintain their colonial rule. Furthermore, the United States and the Soviet Union opposed the continuation of European colonies, leading to a significant shift in the balance of power. In India, the war created an opportunity for the Indian National Congress (INC) to negotiate with the British for independence. However, the negotiations failed to produce a compromise, and mass civil disobedience movements such as the Quit India movement ensued. The British responded by imprisoning the leaders of the movement, including Gandhi. The war also resulted in inflation and famine, further exacerbating the tensions between the Indians and the British. With the Labour government coming to power in Britain in 1945, the decolonization process in India gained momentum, ultimately leading to the creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947.

The Decolonization Process in India

The decolonization process in India began with negotiations between the Indian National Congress and the British government. The Congress, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, demanded complete independence from British rule, while the British proposed a gradual transfer of power. The negotiations failed, and in 1942, the Quit India movement was launched, demanding immediate independence. The British responded by arresting the leaders of the movement and suppressing it.

The Indian National Congress’s demand for independence received a significant boost when the Labour Party came to power in Britain in 1945. The Labour Party was sympathetic to the Indian National Congress’s demand for independence and promised to grant it after the war. The new government appointed Lord Mountbatten as the Viceroy of India, with the mandate to transfer power to Indian hands. Mountbatten worked towards creating a consensus among the Indian leaders for the transfer of power.

However, the division between the Hindus and the Muslims in India made the process of transfer of power complicated. The Muslims, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded a separate state, arguing that they would be a minority in a Hindu-dominated India. The Indian National Congress was opposed to the idea of a separate state, fearing that it would lead to the balkanization of India. The British initially tried to broker a compromise between the two sides, but their efforts failed.

The Partition of India

The British ultimately agreed to the creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947. The decision was made in haste, with little thought given to the practicalities of dividing the country. The partition of India resulted in the largest mass migration in history, with millions of Hindus and Muslims crossing the newly drawn borders to reach their respective nations. The migration resulted in widespread violence, with communal riots and massacres breaking out across the country.

The partition also represented a breakdown in governability. The British, who were responsible for maintaining law and order, were unable to control the violence. The Indian National Congress, which had been the dominant political force, was unable to prevent the partition of the country. The Muslim League, which had supported the British, emerged as the dominant political force in Pakistan.

Conclusion

The decolonization process in India was a complex and difficult process. The Indian National Congress’s demand for independence was ultimately granted, but the partition of the country resulted in widespread violence and a breakdown in governability. The decolonization of India had far-reaching implications for the rest of the world, inspiring other colonies to demand independence and leading to the end of the European colonial empires.

ASSIGNMENT DIRECTIONS:
There are 4 units. Each unit contains 2 prompts for a total of 8 prompts to be answered. Address each prompt with a minimum of 4 sentences resulting in a strong paragraph that accurately answers the specific prompt.
Each paragraph should include at least 1 short quote from 1 of the assigned readings. All answers must be in paragraph form and must cite ALL sources. Citations must include at a minimum the author’s last name and page numbers (when available).
RESOURCES FOR ASSIGNMENT:
The assigned readings are contained in the following links and attachments and must be used to answer the prompts. Each link and/or attachment referenced in a prompt is provided as resource material to address the related prompt.
• UNIT 1
Prompt 1: According to chapter six of the American Yawp, how did Alexander Hamilton shape the economic program of George Washington’s presidential administration? How did those policies culminate in the Whiskey Rebellion? Imagine you could transport back to the 1790s in a time machine, would you side with Hamilton’s vision of the United States or the vision of the farmers involved in the Whiskey Rebellion?
Prompt 2: How did Gore Vidal’s retelling of the Burr-Hamilton feud depict that episode as a battle over competing notions of masculinity in early America?
• UNIT 2
Prompt 1: According to chapter seven in the American Yawp, how (and why) did the Haitian Revolution inspire challenges to slavery in the United States?
Prompt 2: How did depictions of the South in Clotel and depictions of the North in the …Adventures of Venture (Smith) illustrate regional differences between the North and the South on the question of the future of slavery?
• UNIT 3
Prompt 1: According to chapter seven in the American Yawp, how did the Jeffersonian vision for the United States clash with Tecumseh’s vision for North America? In your opinion, could those competing visions have been reconciled in a peaceful-and-nonviolent manner that produced true fairness for all people in North America?
Prompt 2: How did Andrew Jackson’s Message to Congress on Indian Removal (1830) exhibit examples of anti-Native American racism? Why did politicians like Jackson employ such anti-Native American prejudice?
• UNIT 4
Prompt 1: According to chapter eight in the American Yawp, what “push and pull” factors caused mass immigration to the United States in the 1820s, 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s? How did the diversification of the United States because of immigration incite political backlashes and riots against immigration during the 1840s and 1850s?
Prompt 2: How did Herman Melville’s “The Tartarus of Maids” describe the market revolution accurately? Did Melville seem to embrace a positive view, a negative view, or an ambivalent view of the market revolution? If you could use a time machine to transport back to the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, what setting would you use for a novel or short story about the market revolution? Explain.

William Wells Brown, “Clotel; or, The President’s Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States,” 1853

http://www.americanyawp.com/reader.html

Review the videos presented this week and consider the historical activities presented. You can replace this video with any appropriate video on the topic of atrocities against Native Americans. Another video option is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wf7GFZcO-Y8
Identify particular events or topics surrounding violence against Native Americans that are of interest to you, and explore this event(s) in depth. You may find further information in the University Library databases or outside websites.
Discuss the most important and least important parts of the videos.
Write a 400- to 600-word reflection on what you learned by watching the videos.
Submit your assignment.

This paper gives you the opportunity to research a topic of interest to you in current California and
connect it to past developments. The first task is to decide on your topic. To do so, you want to research
recent newspaper and radio/television news reporting on California. The goal is to identify an issue that
you find interesting and significant to understanding California as a place, and as an idea. Once you
identify a topic of interest to you, print out the article or news item that sparked your interest for
inclusion in your proposal. In addition, you want to do some additional preliminary research on the issue
to help you write an informed proposal.
When thinking about topics, be creative. You can explore environmental issues, diversity, race, activism,
farm labor, immigration, to mention just a few topics. There are plenty of options. It is important,
however, to back up your discussion with credible source materials. The best options are scholarly
journals and articles as well as newspapers and websites. It is important to assess the credibility of your
sources and identify their approach to the topic. It will also be important to include variety of
perspectives in your essay.
In this proposal, you need to identify the topic you plan to research and discuss in some detail why you
chose the topic and why it matters to us as in today’s California (significance). The proposal also needs
to include a skeletal work plan of completion (what you intend to do and when) and, finally, it needs to
include a preliminary, annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books,
articles, and documents where each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriiptive
and evaluative paragraph. The purpose of this annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance,
accuracy, and quality of the sources.
Once you decide on a topic of interest, you need to find source materials that address the topic. You can
start with the textbook and the primary source materials included there. In addition, you need to find
scholarly articles that give you both historical background and information about your topic in today’s
California. The JStor database on the Library website is a great source for finding articles by historians.
Reputable newspaper and magazine articles as well as websites might be the best option for discussing
the current state of affairs. It is important also to try to find sources that give you different
perspectives. Finally, when looking for sources, it is important to consider their credibility and point of
view.
Proposal should be double spaced and appr. 2 pages in length, plus your workplan and the annotated
bibliography. Include at least five sources.
Checklist
o Statement of topic
o Discussion of reasons for choosing topic
o Discussion of significance of topic
o Copy of, or a link to, the news item on issue
o Work plan
o Annotated bibliography
o Spell check, formatting check and grammar check before submission
o Appropriate documentation of sources, if necessary (MLA or Turabian/Chicago Manual of Style)

The development of the United States in the twentieth century was shaped by several challenges: an economic collapse, global war, and social and political upheaval at home. The economic collapse that preceded the Great Depression brought high unemployment, increased prices for goods, and displaced populations across the United States. President Franklin Roosevelt promised a “New Deal” for Americans, and during his administration the federal government intervened in the American economy with regulations and stimulus, changing the relationship between the states and the federal government. The aftermath of the Second World War brought the United States to greater international prominence, but the following geopolitical and ideological struggle with the Soviet Union divided the planet and threatened international destruction through the use of thermonuclear weapons. At the same time as the United States was expanding its role as an international power, many domestic protest movements challenged institutional discrimination and unequal systems of power in federal and state governments. Their victories resulted in legislation and legal precedents that changed the complexion of American society.

In this assessment you will examine several major events that shaped modern American society. You will consider how the New Deal policies were designed to ameliorate the effects of the Great Depression, how the Cold War was waged both internationally and domestically, and how the civil rights movement challenged the perceived assumptions of American society.

A. Explain (suggested length of 2–3 paragraphs) the major causes of the Great Depression (e.g., economic policies, trade concerns, banking practices, international commerce).

B. Describe three ways (e.g., major legislation, organizations, relief and recovery efforts) that the New Deal sought to address the problems of the Great Depression (suggested length of 2–3 paragraphs).

C. Explain how the end of World War II contributed to the rise of Cold War tensions (suggested length of 2–3 paragraphs) by doing the following:

1. Discuss the effect of the arms race on the rise of Cold War tensions.

2. Describe how differing ideologies led to increased Cold War tensions.

3. Explain the effect of Cold War tensions on American culture and domestic policies (e.g., security concerns, organizations, discrimination).

D. Explain two changes (e.g., legislation, cultural shifts, economic shifts) that came about as a result of one of the following historical events (suggested length of 2–3 paragraphs):

• civil rights movement

• feminist movement

• gay rights movement

• rise of the religious right

E. Provide acknowledgement of source information, using in-text citations and references, for quoted, paraphrased, or summarized content.

1. Include the following information when providing source references:

• author

• date

• title

• location of information (e.g., publisher, journal, or website URL)

What do you think are the two most important ways the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1888 and the Great Fire of 1901 changed Jacksonville’s history? You should pick one example for each event.
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What did these two crises reveal about our city during the times they occurred?
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Your answer to each question should be a short paragraph in length. I’m looking for responses that do two main things: 1) answer the question succinctly while demonstrating knowledge of readings and 2) use and cite evidence. Please use simple MLA-style (in-text) citations. For example, (“Hit the Road” talk), (Martin 224). No Works Cited section is needed. Your responses should be engaging, original, and conversational – you’re writing not just for me but also for your peers. Write the kind of discussion posts that you would want to read.
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Instructions
Academic Book Review: Each student will be required to write an academic (or scholarly) book review. The book will be the required Parker and Rathbone text African History: A Very Short Introduction.
Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press, 2007. Note that an academic book review is not the same thing as a book report which simply summarizes the content of a book. When writing an academic book review, one not only reports on the content of the book but also assess its strengths and weaknesses.
Accordingly, once you have carefully examined the text, write an informal, review that
answers the following three questions. Note: There is a 300-word minimum for each question response:
1. What generalizations can be made about the authors’ general “idea” of Africa? (300-word minimum)
2. How did the authors approach the topic of African diversity and unity? (300 word-minimum)
3. How did the authors portray the role of European colonialism on the continent? (300 word-minimum)
The academic book review shall be typed, double-spaced, and in a 12-point Times New Roman font.
Citations are required and must follow the Chicago footnote/bibliography citation protocols.

Hi,
The question to this assignment is:
– Examine how the Haitian Massacre impacted Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy with Haiti and the Dominican Republic. How was Trujillo able to largely sidestep the fallout from the massacre?
Please make sure to answer each part of this question.
I am attaching the document which has the answers to the question, so please use it as the only source for this assignemnt.
Please write a response of at least 250-300 words, make sure it is grammatically correct, and provide MLA citations when using quotes.