Category: Economics

Prompt
Economics, Macroeconomics, and Microeconomics
Economics is the study of how humans make decisions in the face of scarcity.
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole. It focuses on broad issues such as growth of production, the number of unemployed people, the inflationary increase in prices, government surpluses and deficits, and levels of exports and imports. On the other hand, microeconomics focuses on the actions of individual agents within the economy, like households, workers, and business.
The key is that macroeconomics and microeconomics are not separate subjects, but rather complementary perspectives on the overall subject of the economy.
Given this, we will include both what are traditionally microeconomic agents (individuals, small businesses, and major corporations) and macroeconomic agents (fiscal policy makers and monetary policy makers) as agents that you select each week.
Economic Agents
There are five economic agents that you can select from:
Individual ?? ??
Small business owner ??‍? ??‍?
Major corporation ? ?
Fiscal policy maker ??️
Monetary policy maker ??
Individuals
Individuals are people like you and me. When we hear economics, concepts like scarcity, opportunity costs, utility, marginal benefit, marginal cost, supply and demand, and price and quantity, may come to mind.
Small businesses and Major corporations
Small businesses and major corporations are firms whose primary goal is to earn a profit, which means their total revenues are greater than their total costs. Firms differentiate on size and “size is determined by the amount of average annual receipts or by the number of employees.” See Part I: The Government Definition of a “Small Business”Links to an external site. and Table of size standards (sba.gov)Links to an external site. for more information on how this differentiation is determined.
Fiscal policy makers
Lastly, the government consist of fiscal policy makers and monetary policy makers. Examples of fiscal policy makers include federal, state, and local government elected officials and appointed officials.
Federal elected officials include Members of the U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senators, and the President. Appointed officials include Commissioners of the Federal Trade CommissionLinks to an external site., the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection BureauLinks to an external site., and the National Labor Relations BoardLinks to an external site..
State elected officials include members of state legislatures and statewide elected officials like state governors and state attorney generals. Appointed officials include leaders of departments, bureaus, and boards that oversee sectors of the economy, like the California Department of Real Estate, Links to an external site.CA Department of InsuranceLinks to an external site., California Bureau of Automotive Repair,Links to an external site. and Medical Board of CaliforniaLinks to an external site., to list a few.
Local elected officials include city council members, city mayors, and local board commissioners and trustees. Appointed officials include leaders of joint powers authorities, like San Diego County Association of GovernmentsLinks to an external site. or East County Advanced Water Purification JPALinks to an external site..
Monetary policy maker
As for monetary policy makers, they are called Central Banks. The Federal ReserveLinks to an external site. is the Central Bank of the United States.
Once you select an economic agent and read their very brief perspective on a chapter topic, you need to expand on the perspective with 2 or more sentences. How you “expand on the perspective” is open-ended, so there is no “right” or “wrong” answer. You are encouraged to bring in key concepts, terms, or equations from the chapter relevant to the economic agent, list another relevant question the economic agent would pose, or share a resource for the economic agent.
After your Post, you need to Reply to at least one peer by positively validating their post (1 sentence), declare whether you agree/like or disagree/dislike with their expanded perspective of the economic agent (at least 1 sentence), and state at least one reason why you agree/like or disagree/dislike (at least 1 sentence).
Instructions
Step 0: View Embedded PowerPoint
View embedded PowerPoint
Go to the slide(s) for the specific Week/Chapter of this discussion
Step 1: Select an Economic Agent You are Interested In
Individual ?? ??
Small business owner ??‍? ??‍?
Major corporation ? ?
Fiscal policy maker ??️
Monetary policy maker ??
Step 2: Read the Perspective of your Selected Economic Agent
For each chapter, each economic agent has a provided perspective.
Each perspective is a simplification of what an economic agent would think about the chapter topic.
Note: the simplified perspective necessarily ignores details and complexity of the chapter to allow you to focus on expanding the perspective.
Step 3: Write a Post that Expands on the Perspective
Declare which economic agent you selected (1 sentence)
Expand on the perspective of your selected economic agent (2 or more sentences).Recall: How you “expand on the perspective” is open-ended, so there is no “right” or “wrong” answer. You are encouraged to bring in key concepts, terms, graphs, charts, or equations from the chapter relevant to the economic agent, list another relevant question the economic agent would pose, or share a resource for the economic agent.
Step 4: Reply to a Peer
In 3 or more sentences, reply to a peer. Your reply, at a minimum, should include the following.
Positively validate your peer’s post (1 sentence).
Declare whether you agree/like or disagree/dislike with their expanded perspective of an economic agent (at least 1 sentence).
State at least one reason why you agree/like or disagree/dislike (at least 1 sentence).
Step 5: Proof-read for Spelling and Grammar
Please proof-read your work before submitting.
I do not grade on spelling and grammar. However, I will note whether your spelling and grammar is good or needs improvement.
If you see a needs improvement mark, please schedule an appointment with the Tutoring Center (cuyamaca.edu)Links to an external site..
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I have to choose the same economic agent week after week?
No. You have the flexibility to choose which economic agent’s perspective you will expand upon each week. In other words, feel free to explore a different economic agent each week.
Can I see my peers’ posts and/or replies before I post?
No. You will only be able to see your peers’ posts and/or replies after you have submitted your own post.
Can I write more than the minimum number of required sentences?
Yes. You are welcomed to write more than the minimum number of required sentences for a post or reply. I appreciate it when students contribute to a robust discussion.
Can I reply to more than one peer?
Yes. You are welcomed to reply to more than one peer. Again, I appreciate it when students contribute to a robust discussion.
Can I earn extra credit for additional sentences or replies?
No. I do not offer extra credit in any of my courses. I never have and I never will. When I teach my last class (sometime in the late 2040s, maybe 2050s), I will offer extra credit just to demonstrate to my students at the time to “never say never” :-).

Your assignment will be to report the findings of the survey, and more particularly to test the hypotheses (see above) using this data set. Briefly report the findings. Instructions:
– Briefly report the consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) of measurement of variables Support for populist ideology, Isolation and Trust in the municipality of Rotterdam using the items in the questionnaire, and, if possible, construct scale variables using the items (Supportforpopulistideology_SCALE, Isolation_SCALE, Trustinthe municipalityofRotterdam_SCALE)
– Report the descriptives in a single table (see Table 1, add relevant descriptives and statistics for the cells with red borders, ignore grey cells as they are irrelevant or redundant)
– Check the model assumptions for multiple linear regression and if possible, use multiple linear regression to test the two hypotheses. Use Table 2 to report the results of the regression analysis.
– Report (put in wording, not just in numbers) what statements can be formulated with respect to the hypothesis testing.

The US federal government has run deficits for the majority of recent history.
There have been proposals in the past for requiring government’s to balance their
budget, such as proposals for a balanced budget amendment or similar policy rules.
What are the benefits of a balanced government budget? What are the potential
problems? How do different schools of macroeconomic thought view this
situation? You could also look at state-level analysis, as most US states do have
some sort of balanced budget rule. A similar topic is the European Union’s Stability
and Growth Pact (SGP) for eurozone nations, which requires them to maintain a
budget deficit of less than 3% of GDP, except during times of economic turmoil
(which has been ignored by some members and also be aware the SGP has been
changed over time; the current version is different than the original). You could
explain the purpose and goals of this act, the benefits and costs of fulfilling these
requirements, and the problems that have occurred in under the SGP.

Submission instructions
Your submission requires uploading two files:
1. The R code containing all parts of your analysis
2. A pdf document containing the answers to all questions and the tables and figures
you are asked to produce.
Important: your overall word limit may NOT exceed 2000 words. Precise and concise
answers are preferred.
Guidelines:
1. How to submit text?
We have set word limits for each of the answers requiring text. Please state your word
count underneath each answer.
2. How to submit tables?
Your tables need to be formatted nicely. That means that they should be produced using
e.g. stargazer, have readable variable names, labels for each column etc. This should
include a footnote underneath that explains its contents and variable labels etc. that are
not obvious.
3. How to submit graphs or figures?
Again, these should be formatted nicely. Label y- and x-axes where appropriate, create a
legend if your figure contains several lines or similar. This should include a footnote
underneath that explains its contents and variable labels etc. that are not obvious.
What we expect:
As you will see on the next pages, the project is pre-structured through questions and
instructions. It looks very long at first glance, but this is mostly because we have broken
it down into tiny pieces to make it easier for you to solve. Practically all questions
require you to code which you will submit as a separate file. The project counts 60% of
your overall course mark.
To help you, we prefix each task by letting you know whether we expect you to produce
– text
– a number
– table(s)
– figure(s)
– equation (or empirical specification)
– or a combination of these.

HERE IS MY ESSAY ATTACHED MAKE SURE U DO NOT USE AI 0 PERCENT AI AND PLAGRISM NEEDED U NEED TO ADD DETAILS IN THE ESSAY RESPCTIVELY AS – You can start by collecting data from reliable sources such as the World Bank, IMF, central banks, or economic research institutions. Here’s a suggested outline for your data table:
Country/Region: List the countries or regions for which you are analyzing the impact of international capital flows.
Year: Include the years for which you have collected data (e.g., 2010, 2015, 2020).
International Capital Flows: Provide data on key indicators of international capital flows, such as:
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows
Portfolio Investment Inflows
Total Capital Inflows
Macroeconomic Development Indicators:
a. GDP Growth Rate: Include data on the annual GDP growth rate for each country/region.
b. Inflation Rate: Provide data on the annual inflation rate, which can be measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or other relevant indices.
c. Exchange Rate: Include data on the exchange rate (e.g., USD to local currency) to illustrate currency movements relative to capital flows.
d. Monetary Policy Indicators: Include relevant monetary policy indicators such as central bank interest rates, money supply growth, or reserve requirements.
Once you have collected the data, you can organize it into a table format with rows representing countries/regions and columns representing the different years and indicators. You can then analyze the data to identify patterns and correlations between international capital flows and macroeconomic development indicators, particularly in terms of sustainable growth and monetary equilibrium.

Analyze 1 (only one) of the following government intervention programs:
Countercyclical fiscal policies (countering economic disruptions such as the housing bubble and the Great Recession)
US agriculture support programs
Housing vouchers
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), including Child Tax Credit
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Health care resources for people with lower incomes
Medicaid, including Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)
Affordable Care Act expansion
Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI)
Medicare
Unemployment insurance
Write a 700- to 1,050-word summary of your analysis. Identify the intervention and the market failure leading up to the intervention. Complete the following in your paper:
Analyze the arguments for government intervention as opposed to arguments for market-based solutions. Hint: See the information about market failures.
Examine who has been helped and who has been hurt by the selected government intervention.
Examine externalities and unintended consequences of such intervention. For example, consider whether the SNAP program and health coverage for families with lower incomes result in higher future tax revenues because children from families with lower incomes grow up healthier and produce higher incomes over their lifetimes.
Analyze whether cost of the intervention you selected as a share of GDP or the number of participants is increasing, decreasing, or varies with the state of the economy, based on the cost trend(or number of participants) since its inception or since 2000.
Analyze credible economists’ opinions on the success or failure of the intervention that you chose in achieving its objectives.
Recommend whether the program should be continued as is, discontinued, or modified based on your conclusions. Defend your recommendation.
Note: Use of charts and graphs is highly encouraged with appropriate citations. Any charts or graphs retrieved from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED website may only be included when the data sources used by FRED are US government sources such as the Bureau of Economic Analysis or the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Cite at least 4 academically credible sources.
Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.

1. Graph the production function y = 0.4x + 0.09x^2-0.003x^3 for values of x between 0 and 20. Derive and graph the corresponding MPP and APP. What is the algebraic expression for the elasticity of production in this case? Is the elasticity of production constant or variable for this function? Explain.
2. Suppose that the coefficients or parameters of a production function of the polynomial form are to be found. The production function is
y=ax+bx2 +cx3
where y = corn yield in bushels per acre
x = nitrogen application in pounds per acre
a, b and c are coefficients or unknown parameters
The production function should produce a corn yield of 150 bushels per acre when 200 pounds of nitrogen is applied to an acre. This should be the maximum corn yield (MPP = 0). The maximum APP should occur at a nitrogen application rate of 125 pounds per acre. Find the parameters a, b and c for a production function meeting these restrictions. Hint: First find the equation for APP and MPP, and the equations representing maximum APP and zero MPP. Then insert the correct nitrogen application levels in the three equations representing TPP, maximum APP and zero MPP. There are three equations in three unknowns (a, b, and c). Solve this system for a, b, and c.

In the hope of high returns, venture capitalists provide funds to finance new (start up) companies. However, potential competitors and structures of the market into which the new firm enters are extremely important in realization of profits. Among different market structures, which one do you believe provides the highest possible return for a new company and why?

You have been retained as a consultant by a business that is considering production of a new product.
Thisproductionwouldrequireaninitialcapital outlayof$100million.Thiscapitalexpenditurecanbe depreciated(straight line) over a 4-year life of the project with no salvage value.Assume the firmfacesa 25% marginaltaxrate anda cost of capital of 9%. If the projectis funded,theresultingNet Operating ProfitBEFOREDepreciation & Taxes(thinkEBITDA) aregivenbelow.
Net Operating Profit BEFOREDepreciation & Taxes (EBITDA)
For purposes of your initial analysis (parts a through d) assume that accounting depreciation and economic depreciation are the same.
There are questions (a) through (f)

prepare conceptual framework that is part of the literature review for the topic Analysis of Economic impact and resilience to climate change on mango production in Ethiopia: Its implication on households’ food security by using diagrams:
Show:
– Diagram 1: The relationship between climate change, mango production, and economic impact.
– Diagram 2: The resilience strategies in mango production against climate change.
– Diagram 3: The implication of changes in mango production on households′ food security.