Category: Economics

Short Paper 1: Crime and Policing
ECN 428
Do police reduce crime? The objective of this short paper is to understand
this question using the crime.dta. It has information on various types of crime
in various cities of the US states over years. It also has the corresponding
data on the size of police force. In writing your paper, consider doing the
following to make it substantial. 1. Pick a state that has a few cities in the
data and explore the scatterplot of the two variables under consideration.
You may also find it helpful to fit a trend across the data to understand
the correlation. 2. Consider looking into specific cities rather than plotting
the data for all cities. Does it look different from the earlier picture? 3.
Run a regression of robberies on lagged police per capita. Initiate your first
regression without any fixed effects or clustering, then gradually add various
types of fixed effects and clustering (and any controls that you may want
to add) to clearly see how your estimates are changing as you add them.
Your paper should have an introduction, econometric model explaining the
various control variables that you will use in your regression, and the results
with tables and graphs. In the introduction, motivate the research question
-i.e. tell the readers why it is important to know the answer to this causal
question, then provide a very short literature review (maybe one or two), and
then discussion what you have found in your paper in a few sentence. Since
this is a short paper, it should not exceed 5-6 pages. You should submit your
.do file and .log file with your paper.

Chapter 12(0.35 points) List your own original example of a real-world negative externality. (Hint: if I was going to answer this question myself, I would say “Installing an inefficient irrigation system in a farm results in the depletion of a nearby aquifer.”
(0.4 points) Identify whether the market supply curve will shift right, shift left, or stay the same (choose “shift right,” ” shift left,” or ” stay the same” for each of A through D).A major automaker refuses to comply with government requirements to improve efficiency and is subsequently forced to pay a $90 million fine.
A gas pipeline operator is forced to pay $200 million in criminal fines after its pipeline leaks, harming local wildlife.
Illegal poaching activity causes a local species to go extinct, but investigators are never able identify the individuals/companies on which to impose fines.
County officials learn that an electronics company releases illegal levels of PCB toxins, but the officials look the other way and do not assess any penalty against the electronics company.
(0.25 points) A company violating federal water use regulations is creating a negative externality. Suddenly, the government forces the company to pay the full social cost associated with its production. What would most likely happen to the level of quantity produced by this company as a result of this new government requirement?
(1 point) Refer to the following table to answer A and B below.Demand and supply schedules for a firmPriceQuantity demandedQuantity supplied before considering pollution cost (private)Quantity supplied after considering pollution cost (social)
$201,1001,100500
$221,0001,200600
$249001,300700
$268001,400800
$287001,500900
When the firm only considers its private costs, not including the cost of pollution, what will be the equilibrium price and quantity in the market?
When the firm considers the full social costs, including the cost of pollution, what will be the equilibrium price and quantity in the market?
(0.5 points) Consider a large firm that emits 75 tons of excess waste into the sewers per year, resulting in negative consequences for individuals and society. Imagine the firm now faces a marginal pollution tax of $125,000 per each 15 tons of excess waste it emits. Refer to the following table, which presents the firm’s data (note: if it helps you to visualize the information provided, you can use the table to plot a chart similar to figure 12.3 in our textbook).Pollution, marginal cost, and marginal taxQuantity of excess waste emissions reduced (tons)Marginal cost of reducing emissionsMarginal pollution tax
15$111,000$125,000
30$121,000$125,000
45$131,000$125,000
60$141,000$125,000
75$151,000$125,000
In this scenario, how much will the firm “abate,” or reduce its emissions? (Hint: compare the marginal cost of reducing pollution to the marginal cost of the pollution itself; which is the higher cost?)
(0.75 points) A livestock farm currently emits 4 tons of toxic chemicals into a nearby river. The following table shows the total costs (TC) in dollars of cleaning up the toxic chemicals to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) in dollars of doing so. Using the table, complete parts A and B below.Emissions, costs, and benefitsQuantity of chemical emissions (tons)
TCMC
TBMB
40N/A0N/A
34,00020,000
212,00038,000
122,00054,000
034,00068,000
Using the information in the table calculate the marginal costs (MC) and marginal benefits (MB) of reducing sewage emissions for this dairy farm.
Comparing the MC and MB, what is the optimal choice of toxic sewage emissions among the emissions quantities given in the table?
Chapter 13(0.25 points) List your own original example of a real-world positive externality.
(0.15 points) A company developing a technology to regenerate the ozone layer is creating a positive externality. Suddenly, the government introduces a subsidy, paying money directly such that the company now receives the full social benefit associated with its production. What would most likely happen to the level of quantity produced by the company as a result of this new government benefit?
(0.6 points) For each of the following goods in parts A to D, state whether it is excludable or nonexcludable.
The benefits derived from a firm reducing its emissions of greenhouse gases that degrade the atmosphere
A monthly membership to a gym/fitness center
A ticket to a concert by the band My Chemical Romance
The general sense of comfort and safety in the community provided by a functional state highway administration
(0.6 points) For each of the following goods, state whether it is rival or non-rival.A single courtside seat at a Golden State Warriors game
A small local playground with a capacity of 20 children, maximum
A local television station signal that is capable of reaching antennas from many local homes
The Grand Canyon’s Bright Angel Trail, which can accommodate all the people who want to use it at a given time
(0.4 points) Note: read carefully in section 13.3 of our textbook before responding. Suppose your household buys a brand new refrigerator. Is your household’s purchase of the refrigerator rival or non-rival? Is it excludable or nonexcludable? Briefly explain why.
(0.5 points) Suppose that by living in the United States, you inherently benefit from a sense of superiority you derive from the world-class performance of U.S. marathon runners in international competitions. Is your benefit rival or non-rival? Is it excludable or nonexcludable? Briefly explain why.
(0.5 points) A free box that can be used for shipping is a product offered by the United States Postal Service (USPS). Think about the free USPS shipping box in the context of rival/non-rival and excludable/nonexcludable. With that in mind, is the USPS shipping box classified as a “public good” or “private good” in the United States?

Do police reduce crime? The objective of this short paper is to understand this question using the crime.dta. It has information on various types of crime in various cities of the US states over years. It also has the corresponding data on the size of police force. In writing your paper, consider doing the following to make it substantial. 1. Pick a state that has a few cities in the data and explore the scatterplot of the two variables under consideration. You may also find it helpful to fit a trend across the data to understand the correlation. 2. Consider looking into specific cities rather than plotting the data for all cities. Does it look different from the earlier picture? 3. Run a regression of robberies on lagged police per capita. Initiate your first regression without any fixed effects or clustering, then gradually add various types of fixed effects and clustering (and any controls that you may want to add) to clearly see how your estimates are changing as you add them. Your paper should have an introduction, econometric model explaining the various control variables that you will use in your regression, and the results with tables and graphs. In the introduction, motivate the research question -i.e. tell the readers why it is important to know the answer to this causal question, then provide a very short literature review (maybe one or two), and then discussion what you have found in your paper in a few sentence. Since this is a short paper, it should not exceed 5-6 pages. You should submit your .do file and .log file with your paper.
So this is what I would suggest to get a good paper.
1.⁠ ⁠Write an intro on the data including summary statistics on the data points you want to take into consideration on how crime is effected by police force
You can find summary statistic with the code:
sum (followed by the variables you wish to look at)
2.⁠ ⁠Find a study and do a short review of what they found on this question and write about it
3.⁠ ⁠Create some scatter plots with a regression fit on some smaller entities than the entire country. Maybe pick two states to see what their trends are or even smaller, some cities?
4.⁠ ⁠Run multiple regressions seeing how different control variables, fixed effects, and clustering change your coefficient for police. I suggest just looking at a couple states.
The code for regression is
reg (y variable) (all x variables), r cluster(whatever you want to cluster)
The easiest way to get fixed effects as variables in my opinion is
i.(variable you wish to use as a fixed effect)
For example: i.year
5.⁠ ⁠Interpret your regression result and draw up your conclusions

Hello, I need help with these assignments. The first is the Money and Banking problems in that file I only need Exercises 1 and 2 solved. The second is the Cost-Benefit analysis assignment that one I also only need 1&2 and I attached the case study for number 2. The cross-regressional paper is third I attached the example, when you get to the paper portion let me know if you need any data I am not sure if the details on the assignment cover it!

topic: -The persistence of inflation: navigating economic challenges in the post-pandemic era. Paper criteria – 4 to 5 pages minimum -12 font times new roman -minimum: 3 references cited any style (APA or MLA) -the paper can include graphs and pictures but don’t fill up all the pages with images -class: macroeconomics -I attached my draft with the critique was to add more real stories so you can use the draft as an idea.

4 pages MAX data analysis that involves Excel regressions, coefficients, t-statistics, and p-values. Please follow the attached instructions. I will need the assignment a day or hours sooner than the due date to review and request adjustments if needed.

Tariffs are paid by the citizens of the country imposing tariffs, not by the citizens of the country producing the products upon which the tariffs are levied.
The term “trade deficits” is a misnomer. Every country’s trade is always in balance.
Trade deficits do not mean the US no longer produces anything to export. The US is the world’s second largest manufacturer and the world’s second largest exporter of manufactured goods.
Trade deficits reflect a strong economy. Trade deficits rise during economic expansions and fall during economic contractions. Unemployment falls as trade deficits rise and rises as trade deficits fall.
Imports and exports are complements, not competitors. Both are necessary and both contribute to economic growth.
Roughly one-third of all US imports and exports is trade between US multinational companies and their overseas subsidiaries.
Foreign-owned companies operating in the US number in the thousands and provide directly or indirectly jobs for more than 13 million US workers (roughly, 10% of the US workforce).
US trade deficit in goods in 2018 (as a % of GDP) was the same as it was 5, 10 and 15 years earlier.
The rise in US goods trade deficit with China has not increased the US total goods trade deficit. It has been offset by reduced goods imports from other trading partners.
There is a strong correlation between the rise in world trade and:
The rise in world GDP
The dramatic fall in the world’s extreme poverty rate
The rise in world life expectancy
For every US manufacturing job lost to trade between 2000 and 2010, seven US jobs were lost to domestic productivity improvements. Those seven jobs cannot be brought back from overseas because they never left the US.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word evaluation of credible economists’ unbiased opinions on the benefits, costs, and results of current US trade and tariff policies. Complete the following in your evaluation:
Evaluate how US trade policy changes in the last 2 years affect global trade activities by multinational corporations.
Discuss credible economists’ opinions on the long-term effects of trade and tariff policies changes in the last 2 years.
Explain the effect recent changes to trade and tariff policies have had on your employer, you, or someone you know.
Cite at least 4 academically credible sources.

hey guys, I really need help with this assignment. It’s a presentation for my macro class. I NEED a good grade with this one desperately. I put the assignment instructions below in the document.

Do police reduce crime? The objective of this short paper is to understand this question using the crime.dta. It has information on various types of crime in various cities of the US states over years. It also has the corresponding data on the size of police force. In writing your paper, consider doing the following to make it substantial. 1. Pick a state that has a few cities in the data and explore the scatterplot of the two variables under consideration. You may also find it helpful to fit a trend across the data to understand the correlation. 2. Consider looking into specific cities rather than plotting the data for all cities. Does it look different from the earlier picture? 3. Run a regression of robberies on lagged police per capita. Initiate your first regression without any fixed effects or clustering, then gradually add various types of fixed effects and clustering (and any controls that you may want to add) to clearly see how your estimates are changing as you add them. Your paper should have an introduction, econometric model explaining the various control variables that you will use in your regression, and the results with tables and graphs. In the introduction, motivate the research question -i.e. tell the readers why it is important to know the answer to this causal question, then provide a very short literature review (maybe one or two), and then discussion what you have found in your paper in a few sentence. Since this is a short paper, it should not exceed 5-6 pages. You should submit your .do file and .log file with your paper.

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Instructions
Chapter 6
Refer to the section on “Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand”. Review the formula for calculating price elasticity of demand and work out the following problem:
A number of retail stores in San Diego form a “District”. In that district, a popular brand of lady’s handbag was selling at $400.00 per bag. In one week, the combined sale in the district was 200. The District Manager then declared a sale of 25% on the handbags. As a result, sale of the handbags increased to 550 in the following week.
Calculate price elasticity of demand. (Use the following formula: Elasticity =(Change in quantity demanded/Average quantity)/(Change in price/Average price)
What does the coefficient of elasticity indicate? Explain your answer.
A recent study determined the following elasticities for Volkswagen Beetles:
Price elasticity of demand = 2
Income elasticity of demand = 1.5
Based on this information, answer the following questions:
What will happen if the price of Volkswagen Beetles is reduced by 10%?
What will happen to the price and quantity of Beetles if consumer income increases?
Chapter 9
Define the following with appropriate examples. You will not receive any point if you do not provide example of each of the definitions.
Constant marginal cost
Implicit cost
Risk aversion
Sunk cost
Optimal quantity
Chapter 10
Fill in the gap:
(a) If good X is cheaper than good Y, and a consumer decides to consume more of good X and less of good Y, the effect is known as —- effect.
(b) If the price of a good goes down and, a consumer decides to consume more of that good, the effect is known as ——– effect.
(c) If a consumer’s income goes up and the consumer consumes less of good M, good M is known as —— good.
(d) A consumer’s budget line assumes that the consumer spends —– of their income.
Chapter 11
Complete the following Table:
This table has four columns which include Quantity (Q), Fixed Cost (FC), Variable Cost (VC), Total Cost (TC = FC + VC) and Marginal Cost (MC = Change in T times C divided by the change in Q. Under Column one (Quantity), there are 11 rows labeled 0 through 10. Under column two, the first row is $108. Under the third column (Variable Cost), the rows go in the following order: 0, 12, 48, 108, 192, 300, 432, 588, 768, 972, 1200). There is no information under Total Cost and Marginal Cost.