Category: Economics

The essay must have: 1. Be 8 pages double-spaced 1. Original tables and graphs 2. Don′t use passive voice 3. Smooth flow between sentences and the overall cohesion of the paragraph. 4. Avoid newsdesk style 5. Cite all ideas that are not your own,not just when you are quoting but also when you are paraphrasing 6. Use Name-date style when citing 7. Adequate references 9. Use reliable sources

Homework Instrumental variable.
1.Explain the concept of endogeneity in the context of regression analysis. How can instrumental variables be used to address endogeneity? Provide an example to illustrate your explanation.
2.Consider a scenario where you are investigating the relationship between government spending and economic growth. Discuss potential sources of endogeneity in this relationship and propose a suitable instrumental variable that could be used to address this issue. Describe how you would verify the validity of your instrumental variable and its relevance to the research question.
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Homework Instrumental variable – weak instrument
1. What are the main challenges associated with weak instrumental variables in econometric analysis, and how do they affect the reliability of causal inference in empirical research?
2. Can you provide an example of a weak instrumental variable problem in a real-world economic study, and discuss how researchers typically address or mitigate this issue in their analysis?

So we gotta look at all state level elections for Maine for the elections they implemented RCV. We also have to have previous years data to see if the changes are because of RCV. Then we gotta look at election results for all other New England states for the same years and compare the results. Other states have not implemented these data.
10 years of data

Instructions for final paper:
1. Select a normative policy question.
• The question needs to pertain to the labor market, broadly defined.
• The policy must not be one that we discussed in detail in class.
• The question needs to be normative, i.e. containing the word “should.”
• The question should be focused and specific to a country, e.g. “Should the minimum
wage be raised in the US?” rather than “Should the minimum wage be raised?” or
“What should be the minimum wage?” You can pick any country.
• The question can be something under debate right now, something that has been
under debate in the past, or something that you think should be on the policy agenda.
2. Provide institutional detail on the policy in question in the country you chose. If
applicable, provide background on the policy debate. Explain why you think the policy
question is important.
3. Describe the costs and benefits of the policy change under consideration.
4. Analyze the effects of the policy using the economic model(s) developed in class. Your
analysis has to contain at least one graph and/or equation.
5. Discuss what is known empirically about the effects of the policy. I do not expect you to
conduct empirical analysis of your own, but instead search for existing articles on the
topic and find out what is known in the literature.
6. Summarize what you have learned about the pros and cons of the policy (in other words,
whether the benefits outweigh the costs or vice versa). If the existing information is
inconclusive, what additional evidence would you need to be able to draw a conclusion?
The paper will be graded based on the presence and quality of the above 6 items.
The paper may be at most 10 pages.
The paper may be done individually or in groups of 2. If the paper is done in a group of 2,
both students will receive the same grade for the paper. Clearly indicate the names of both
students on the paper.
The paper will be submitted online through Canvas and will be due on Tuesday, April 30, at
5:00 PM.
Wrote out a guideline based on what was required above.
Step 1: Policy Question
Normative Policy Question: Should the U.S. government implement a federally funded job guarantee program to reduce unemployment?
Step 2: Institutional and Policy Background
Current Policy: Discuss current U.S. unemployment insurance, federal and state job programs, and other relevant labor market interventions.
History and Debate: Highlight past and ongoing discussions about job guarantee programs, citing examples from other countries or historical precedents in the U.S. (like the New Deal programs).
Importance of the Question: Explain the significance of the question, especially in the context of current economic challenges, such as post-pandemic recovery, technological displacement, or regional disparities in job availability.
Step 3: Costs and Benefits Analysis
Benefits: Potential reduction in overall unemployment, economic stimulation, improved community welfare, reduction in crime, and poverty alleviation.
Costs: Financial burden on taxpayers, potential market distortions, administrative challenges, and risk of inefficiency or corruption.
Step 4: Economic Models Analysis
Graphs/Equations: Use a simple labor supply and demand model to illustrate how a job guarantee might affect wages and employment levels. Include a graph showing shifts in labor supply or demand curves due to the policy.
Model Implications: Discuss potential multiplier effects on the economy, using basic Keynesian frameworks if appropriate.
Step 5: Empirical Evidence
Literature Review: Summarize findings from studies on similar programs, like those conducted during the Great Recession or in other countries with active job guarantee policies.
Case Studies: Provide examples where similar policies had measurable impacts, either positive or negative, on unemployment rates and economic health.
Step 6: Conclusion and Further Research
Summarize Pros and Cons: Weigh the benefits of reduced unemployment and economic stimulation against the financial and administrative costs.
Inconclusive Evidence: If data is lacking, specify what kind of additional research or data would be necessary to make a more informed decision (e.g., pilot programs, longitudinal studies).
Policy Recommendation: Based on the balance of evidence, tentatively recommend for or against the policy, with the caveat of further needed investigation.
Important Info

The order was placed through a short procedure (customer skipped some order details).
Please clarify some paper details before starting to work on the order.

Type of paper and subject
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30 pages of analytical data surrounding my topic with graphs included, APA STYLE, references
Important Info

The order was placed through a short procedure (customer skipped some order details).
Please clarify some paper details before starting to work on the order.

Type of paper and subject
Number of sources and formatting style
Type of service (writing, rewriting, etc)

Short Paper 1: Crime and Policing
ECN 428
Do police reduce crime? The objective of this short paper is to understand
this question using the crime.dta. It has information on various types of crime
in various cities of the US states over years. It also has the corresponding
data on the size of police force. In writing your paper, consider doing the
following to make it substantial. 1. Pick a state that has a few cities in the
data and explore the scatterplot of the two variables under consideration.
You may also find it helpful to fit a trend across the data to understand
the correlation. 2. Consider looking into specific cities rather than plotting
the data for all cities. Does it look different from the earlier picture? 3.
Run a regression of robberies on lagged police per capita. Initiate your first
regression without any fixed effects or clustering, then gradually add various
types of fixed effects and clustering (and any controls that you may want
to add) to clearly see how your estimates are changing as you add them.
Your paper should have an introduction, econometric model explaining the
various control variables that you will use in your regression, and the results
with tables and graphs. In the introduction, motivate the research question
-i.e. tell the readers why it is important to know the answer to this causal
question, then provide a very short literature review (maybe one or two), and
then discussion what you have found in your paper in a few sentence. Since
this is a short paper, it should not exceed 5-6 pages. You should submit your
.do file and .log file with your paper.

Chapter 12(0.35 points) List your own original example of a real-world negative externality. (Hint: if I was going to answer this question myself, I would say “Installing an inefficient irrigation system in a farm results in the depletion of a nearby aquifer.”
(0.4 points) Identify whether the market supply curve will shift right, shift left, or stay the same (choose “shift right,” ” shift left,” or ” stay the same” for each of A through D).A major automaker refuses to comply with government requirements to improve efficiency and is subsequently forced to pay a $90 million fine.
A gas pipeline operator is forced to pay $200 million in criminal fines after its pipeline leaks, harming local wildlife.
Illegal poaching activity causes a local species to go extinct, but investigators are never able identify the individuals/companies on which to impose fines.
County officials learn that an electronics company releases illegal levels of PCB toxins, but the officials look the other way and do not assess any penalty against the electronics company.
(0.25 points) A company violating federal water use regulations is creating a negative externality. Suddenly, the government forces the company to pay the full social cost associated with its production. What would most likely happen to the level of quantity produced by this company as a result of this new government requirement?
(1 point) Refer to the following table to answer A and B below.Demand and supply schedules for a firmPriceQuantity demandedQuantity supplied before considering pollution cost (private)Quantity supplied after considering pollution cost (social)
$201,1001,100500
$221,0001,200600
$249001,300700
$268001,400800
$287001,500900
When the firm only considers its private costs, not including the cost of pollution, what will be the equilibrium price and quantity in the market?
When the firm considers the full social costs, including the cost of pollution, what will be the equilibrium price and quantity in the market?
(0.5 points) Consider a large firm that emits 75 tons of excess waste into the sewers per year, resulting in negative consequences for individuals and society. Imagine the firm now faces a marginal pollution tax of $125,000 per each 15 tons of excess waste it emits. Refer to the following table, which presents the firm’s data (note: if it helps you to visualize the information provided, you can use the table to plot a chart similar to figure 12.3 in our textbook).Pollution, marginal cost, and marginal taxQuantity of excess waste emissions reduced (tons)Marginal cost of reducing emissionsMarginal pollution tax
15$111,000$125,000
30$121,000$125,000
45$131,000$125,000
60$141,000$125,000
75$151,000$125,000
In this scenario, how much will the firm “abate,” or reduce its emissions? (Hint: compare the marginal cost of reducing pollution to the marginal cost of the pollution itself; which is the higher cost?)
(0.75 points) A livestock farm currently emits 4 tons of toxic chemicals into a nearby river. The following table shows the total costs (TC) in dollars of cleaning up the toxic chemicals to different levels, together with the total benefits (TB) in dollars of doing so. Using the table, complete parts A and B below.Emissions, costs, and benefitsQuantity of chemical emissions (tons)
TCMC
TBMB
40N/A0N/A
34,00020,000
212,00038,000
122,00054,000
034,00068,000
Using the information in the table calculate the marginal costs (MC) and marginal benefits (MB) of reducing sewage emissions for this dairy farm.
Comparing the MC and MB, what is the optimal choice of toxic sewage emissions among the emissions quantities given in the table?
Chapter 13(0.25 points) List your own original example of a real-world positive externality.
(0.15 points) A company developing a technology to regenerate the ozone layer is creating a positive externality. Suddenly, the government introduces a subsidy, paying money directly such that the company now receives the full social benefit associated with its production. What would most likely happen to the level of quantity produced by the company as a result of this new government benefit?
(0.6 points) For each of the following goods in parts A to D, state whether it is excludable or nonexcludable.
The benefits derived from a firm reducing its emissions of greenhouse gases that degrade the atmosphere
A monthly membership to a gym/fitness center
A ticket to a concert by the band My Chemical Romance
The general sense of comfort and safety in the community provided by a functional state highway administration
(0.6 points) For each of the following goods, state whether it is rival or non-rival.A single courtside seat at a Golden State Warriors game
A small local playground with a capacity of 20 children, maximum
A local television station signal that is capable of reaching antennas from many local homes
The Grand Canyon’s Bright Angel Trail, which can accommodate all the people who want to use it at a given time
(0.4 points) Note: read carefully in section 13.3 of our textbook before responding. Suppose your household buys a brand new refrigerator. Is your household’s purchase of the refrigerator rival or non-rival? Is it excludable or nonexcludable? Briefly explain why.
(0.5 points) Suppose that by living in the United States, you inherently benefit from a sense of superiority you derive from the world-class performance of U.S. marathon runners in international competitions. Is your benefit rival or non-rival? Is it excludable or nonexcludable? Briefly explain why.
(0.5 points) A free box that can be used for shipping is a product offered by the United States Postal Service (USPS). Think about the free USPS shipping box in the context of rival/non-rival and excludable/nonexcludable. With that in mind, is the USPS shipping box classified as a “public good” or “private good” in the United States?

Do police reduce crime? The objective of this short paper is to understand this question using the crime.dta. It has information on various types of crime in various cities of the US states over years. It also has the corresponding data on the size of police force. In writing your paper, consider doing the following to make it substantial. 1. Pick a state that has a few cities in the data and explore the scatterplot of the two variables under consideration. You may also find it helpful to fit a trend across the data to understand the correlation. 2. Consider looking into specific cities rather than plotting the data for all cities. Does it look different from the earlier picture? 3. Run a regression of robberies on lagged police per capita. Initiate your first regression without any fixed effects or clustering, then gradually add various types of fixed effects and clustering (and any controls that you may want to add) to clearly see how your estimates are changing as you add them. Your paper should have an introduction, econometric model explaining the various control variables that you will use in your regression, and the results with tables and graphs. In the introduction, motivate the research question -i.e. tell the readers why it is important to know the answer to this causal question, then provide a very short literature review (maybe one or two), and then discussion what you have found in your paper in a few sentence. Since this is a short paper, it should not exceed 5-6 pages. You should submit your .do file and .log file with your paper.
So this is what I would suggest to get a good paper.
1.⁠ ⁠Write an intro on the data including summary statistics on the data points you want to take into consideration on how crime is effected by police force
You can find summary statistic with the code:
sum (followed by the variables you wish to look at)
2.⁠ ⁠Find a study and do a short review of what they found on this question and write about it
3.⁠ ⁠Create some scatter plots with a regression fit on some smaller entities than the entire country. Maybe pick two states to see what their trends are or even smaller, some cities?
4.⁠ ⁠Run multiple regressions seeing how different control variables, fixed effects, and clustering change your coefficient for police. I suggest just looking at a couple states.
The code for regression is
reg (y variable) (all x variables), r cluster(whatever you want to cluster)
The easiest way to get fixed effects as variables in my opinion is
i.(variable you wish to use as a fixed effect)
For example: i.year
5.⁠ ⁠Interpret your regression result and draw up your conclusions

Hello, I need help with these assignments. The first is the Money and Banking problems in that file I only need Exercises 1 and 2 solved. The second is the Cost-Benefit analysis assignment that one I also only need 1&2 and I attached the case study for number 2. The cross-regressional paper is third I attached the example, when you get to the paper portion let me know if you need any data I am not sure if the details on the assignment cover it!

topic: -The persistence of inflation: navigating economic challenges in the post-pandemic era. Paper criteria – 4 to 5 pages minimum -12 font times new roman -minimum: 3 references cited any style (APA or MLA) -the paper can include graphs and pictures but don’t fill up all the pages with images -class: macroeconomics -I attached my draft with the critique was to add more real stories so you can use the draft as an idea.