In at least 100 words, describe an epidemic or public health crisis that you find interesting. Be sure to tell us where and when this epidemic or public health crisis took place, and who it affected. Comment on the responses of at least two of your peers (minimum 50 words each comment). You are welcome to post media or articles to along with your responses.

https://asu.instructure.com/courses/176997/files/79015678/download?verifier=0UogDSYjzTo5wbjTaISe2lqyX8HBRtrs1J5yyFq4&wrap=1Imagine you are a physician in Europe during an outbreak of the Black Death. In at least 200 words describe what you think is the cause of the disease you are witnessing and your favorite method(s) of treating this disease.
In at least 50 words each, comment on the posts of two of your peers, and say why you do or do not agree with their analysis of their role as a physician and their preferred treatment.

Struggling with where to start this assignment? Follow this guide to tackle your assignment easily!

1. Understanding the Prompt: Begin by carefully reading the assignment instructions. You’re tasked with writing two key parts:

• First: You need to describe in at least 200 words the cause of the disease you are witnessing.
• Second: You need to discuss your favorite method(s) of treating the disease.
• Third: You are required to comment on two of your peers’ posts, with at least 50 words for each comment.

2. Structuring the Paper: Now, let’s break down how to approach each section:

• Introduction (About 2-3 sentences):
  Start with a brief introduction to the disease in question. Provide some context for your analysis. You can mention the disease’s impact or relevance to your study or experience.
• First Part – Cause of the Disease (200 words minimum):
  Describe the potential causes of the disease you’re focusing on. Base your analysis on your observations or relevant literature. If there is a specific pathogen, genetic factor, or environmental factor contributing to the disease, explain it in detail. Use evidence and examples to support your claims. If you’re unsure about the causes, briefly describe the most commonly accepted causes based on research or personal understanding.
• Second Part – Treatment Methods (200 words minimum):
  In this section, you will detail your favorite methods of treating the disease. Discuss why you prefer these treatments over others, based on their effectiveness, accessibility, or scientific backing. If applicable, mention both medical treatments and any alternative treatments you support. Again, support your choices with examples and relevant research.
• Third Part – Comments on Peers (At least 50 words per comment):
  After submitting your main post, engage with two of your peers. Read their posts thoroughly and offer thoughtful feedback. Do you agree or disagree with their analysis of the disease and treatment? Why or why not? Provide constructive feedback that invites further discussion.

3. Writing Tips:

• Stay focused: Stick to the assignment’s requirements. Don’t stray from the topic at hand.
• Use proper language: Avoid overly complex language; keep it academic yet approachable.
• Proofread: Before submission, read your work carefully to catch any grammatical or typographical errors.

4. Conclusion (Optional): If you’d like, end with a brief conclusion that summarizes your thoughts on the disease and its treatment. This is optional but can help to tie everything together neatly.

By following this step-by-step approach, you can tackle this assignment with confidence. Good luck, and remember to engage thoughtfully with your peers’ posts!

(1)
Read https://asu.instructure.com/courses/176997/files/79015728/download?verifier=4pkYSWoSwmG1VNyddxKevbnZ9BARjsho5HWj28DX&wrap=1
Consider especially what the authors in the Leung et al. paper show through their analysis about the role of the 1980 letter from Porter and Jick in the literature about opioid addiction.
In at least 200 words, respond to the following prompt: What do you think is the role of evidence in medicine, especially in pharmaceuticals? Do you think that the 1980 letter was a good resource for opioid literature? Why or why not?
In at least 50 words each, comment on the posts of two of your peers. Be sure to note whether you agree with their analysis, and why. (2) Porter and Jick (1980) Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics Read Volkow (2018). In at least 200 words answer the following prompt: Do you think that the focus on prescription practices of physicians is the best way to deal with the opioid epidemic? Why? If not, what would you suggest to address the opioid epidemic?
In at least 50 words each, comment on the posts of two of your peers. Be sure to note whether you agree or disagree with their conclusion, and why.
Note: Please be conscientious in your posts and responses about opioids. This is an ongoing and devastating problem which has affected many people, and you don’t know the life experiences of your peers.

Struggling with where to start this assignment? Follow this guide to tackle your assignment easily!

Step-by-Step Guide to Responding to the Prompts:

1. Read the Articles Carefully:
   • You’re tasked with analyzing the 1980 letter from Porter and Jick (which suggested that addiction was rare in patients treated with narcotics) and how it has shaped opioid addiction literature, as well as reviewing the article by Volkow (2018).
   • Focus on understanding the arguments presented by Leung et al. and the context surrounding the Porter and Jick letter. Pay attention to how this letter has influenced subsequent attitudes toward opioid prescribing practices.
2. First Response Prompt (200 Words):
   • Key Question: What do you think is the role of evidence in medicine, especially in pharmaceuticals? Was the 1980 letter a good resource for opioid literature?
   • Steps to Answer:
     • Discuss the Role of Evidence: Start by explaining why evidence-based medicine is critical in shaping medical practices and drug prescriptions. Discuss the importance of rigorous, peer-reviewed research in pharmaceutical decisions.
     • Evaluate the 1980 Letter: Assess the quality of the 1980 letter from Porter and Jick. Do you think it was based on sufficient evidence? Was it misleading in its suggestion that addiction is rare in patients treated with narcotics? Highlight how this letter might have influenced the opioid epidemic.
     • Your Opinion: Conclude by stating whether you think the letter should have been considered a reliable resource or not. Discuss the impact of limited or flawed evidence in shaping public health policies.
3. Second Response Prompt (200 Words):
   • Key Question: Is focusing on physician prescribing practices the best way to tackle the opioid epidemic? If not, what would you suggest?
   • Steps to Answer:
     • Evaluate Physician Prescribing Practices: Discuss the importance of responsible prescribing in curbing the opioid crisis. Do you think focusing solely on physician practices is enough?
     • Other Solutions: Offer additional suggestions to address the opioid epidemic. This could include broader public health approaches like improving addiction treatment, increasing access to naloxone, or addressing the root causes of addiction (e.g., mental health, social factors).
     • Your Opinion: Conclude by stating what you believe is the most effective strategy to combat the opioid epidemic, explaining why a multi-faceted approach might be necessary.
4. Commenting on Peer Posts (50 Words Each):
   • After you post your responses, read at least two of your peers’ posts.
   • For each comment, state whether you agree or disagree with their conclusion and briefly explain why. Offer any additional insights or perspectives that could enrich the discussion. Ensure your tone is respectful, especially considering the sensitive nature of the topic.
5. Final Review:
   • Review your responses for clarity, focus, and cohesion. Make sure your arguments are supported with thoughtful reasoning.
   • Ensure that you adhere to the word count (200 words for each post, 50 words for each comment).
   • Double-check your spelling, grammar, and formatting.

By following this guide, you’ll be able to construct well-supported, thoughtful responses that engage critically with the material while being mindful of the sensitive nature of the opioid epidemic. Best of

Snow (1849) On the Mode of Communication of Cholera [Edited version]Imagine you are a physician in London in 1854. You can either be a proponent of the miasma theory or the water-borne theory of Cholera. In at least 200 words discuss the theory you support. Be sure to include what evidence you have to support your theory and why you think your theory is better than the alternative.
In at least 50 words each, comment on the posts of two of your peers. Be sure to say whether you agree or disagree with them and why.

Struggling with where to start this assignment? Follow this guide to tackle your assignment easily!

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing Your Paper:

1. Read the Assignment Prompt Carefully:
   • The task asks you to adopt the perspective of a physician in London in 1854.
   • You must choose between two theories on the cause of Cholera: the miasma theory or the water-borne theory.
   • Your job is to argue which theory you support, providing evidence for your choice and explaining why it is better than the alternative.
2. Choose Your Theory:
   • Take a moment to decide which theory resonates with you more: the miasma theory, which claims Cholera is caused by “bad air,” or the water-borne theory, which attributes the disease to contaminated water sources.
   • You must commit to one theory to create a strong, focused argument.
3. Research Evidence for Your Theory:
   • Now that you’ve chosen your theory, you’ll need to back it up with evidence.
   • For the miasma theory, you could talk about the connection between unsanitary conditions in cities and disease spread, as well as observations of people falling ill in areas with poor ventilation.
   • For the water-borne theory, focus on historical events, such as the cholera outbreaks in London’s Soho district (1854), where the discovery of contaminated water sources played a key role.
   • Use reliable, historical sources, or quotes from Snow’s work to support your theory.
4. Write Your 200-Word Argument:
   • Begin by introducing your theory and why you believe it to be true.
   • Use evidence to support your argument. This could include details from the historical context of the disease or observations from key figures like John Snow.
   • In your conclusion, explain why your chosen theory is better than the alternative. Address how the competing theory fails to explain key aspects of the disease’s spread or effectiveness.
5. Write Peer Comments:
   • After completing your main post, you’ll need to write comments on two of your peers’ posts.
   • For each comment, read their argument carefully. Do you agree or disagree with their choice of theory? Why or why not?
   • Provide constructive feedback. Mention specific points you agree or disagree with and explain your reasoning in at least 50 words for each comment.
6. Final Review:
   • Review your paper to ensure clarity, proper structure, and support for your argument.
   • Check your word count to ensure it meets the requirements for the main post (200 words) and the comments (50 words each).
   • Edit for grammar, spelling, and punctuation to ensure a polished final submission.

image shows the origin of bread wheat (hexaploid T. aestivum).
For each of the following strains, draw (a) a germline cell at the start of meisosis I, and (b) a gamete at the end of meisosis II:
(i) T. monococcum, (ii) T. turgidum, and (iii) T. aestivum.

To assist you with the task of drawing germline cells at the start of meiosis I and gametes at the end of meiosis II for each of the wheat strains, I’ll give you a step-by-step breakdown. Since I can’t provide a direct image here, I’ll guide you through the process and offer a detailed explanation to help you visualize and draw the structures involved.

Struggling with where to start this assignment? Follow this guide to tackle your assignment easily!

Germline Cells at the Start of Meiosis I:

At the start of meiosis I, germline cells are diploid and contain two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent). In wheat, this means the number of chromosome sets varies depending on the ploidy level of the strain.

• T. monococcum (diploid, 2n = 14):
  • At the start of meiosis I, T. monococcum has two sets of chromosomes (2n = 14, so n = 7).
  • Draw 7 chromosome pairs (14 total chromosomes). Each chromosome should appear as a chromatid with two chromatids connected at the centromere.
• T. turgidum (tetraploid, 4n = 28):
  • T. turgidum is tetraploid, so it has four sets of chromosomes (n = 14).
  • Draw 14 chromosome pairs (28 total chromosomes) where each pair is homologous, and each chromosome is made of two chromatids.
• T. aestivum (hexaploid, 6n = 42):
  • T. aestivum is hexaploid, meaning it has six sets of chromosomes (n = 21).
  • Draw 21 chromosome pairs (42 total chromosomes), with each chromosome made of two chromatids.

Gametes at the End of Meiosis II:

At the end of meiosis II, the cells become haploid. Each gamete will have one chromosome from each homologous pair. The chromosomes in each gamete will be single chromatids, and their genetic content will be half of what it was in the diploid germline cell.

• T. monococcum (2n = 14, n = 7):
  • After meiosis II, the gametes are haploid (n = 7), so there will be 7 individual chromosomes (each with a single chromatid).
  • Each gamete will have 7 chromosomes (with one chromatid per chromosome).
• T. turgidum (4n = 28, n = 14):
  • After meiosis II, the gametes are haploid (n = 14), so each gamete will have 14 individual chromosomes (with one chromatid per chromosome).
  • There will be 14 chromosomes in each gamete.
• T. aestivum (6n = 42, n = 21):
  • After meiosis II, the gametes are haploid (n = 21), meaning each gamete will contain 21 chromosomes (with one chromatid per chromosome).
  • Each gamete will have 21 chromosomes.

How to Draw:

1. Germline Cells (Start of Meiosis I):
   • Draw pairs of chromosomes arranged in a line.
   • For each strain, draw the number of chromosome pairs matching their respective ploidy level.
   • Each chromosome pair consists of two chromosomes, and each chromosome has two chromatids.
2. Gametes (End of Meiosis II):
   • For each strain, draw individual chromosomes (single chromatids) that would result from meiosis II.
   • These chromosomes should not be paired (they are now haploid).

By following these steps, you can create the appropriate diagrams for each strain, showing the differences in chromosome numbers at different stages of meiosis.

Botanical detail History Utlization of food production Medicinal value Chemical composition Curcuminoids (specifically curcumin) Cultivation Irrigation Planting technology

Using the five steps presented in slide 17 of the “Stem Cell Research Presentation” in the previous content reading , design a proposal for a stem cell research project. The slides that follow slide 17 explain stem cell therapy in more detail. Use those slides to help you formulate your idea.
This lab is designed to access your critical thinking skills. Your proposal does not need to be a current excepted idea, or even feasible, it just needs to follow the steps and be YOUR ideas. That means if you copy something from a book or the internet, you will NOT receive credit for this lab! You can NOT use the example given in the presentation, Parkinson’s disease.
Guidelines: This report must be typed.
Your proposal should contain at least 5 paragraphs, addressing each of the five steps outlined in the presentation. Grammar, punctuation and spelling will all be taken in to account when grading your proposal. It does not have to be a real stem cell therapy. You can make up your own, but it must make sense and show that you understand the general concept of how this works. DO NOT copy and paste an actual stem cell therapy as your answer — you must use your own words to demonstrate you understand what you are saying.
Step 1: Choose a disorder other than Parkinson’s disease, describe the disorder, and choose a problem associated with the disorder you will attempt to correct with the Stem Cell therapy.
Step 2: Choose the stem cell type you plan to use, and explain why you think your choice is the best choice for this disorder.
Step 3: Discuss the concept of why stem cells must be a close genetic match to the recipients.
Step 4: Describe how you will get the chosen stem cells into the patient.
Step 5: Following the procedure, what would you do to assist or monitor the treatment.

Struggling with where to start this assignment? Follow this guide to tackle your assignment easily!

Proposal for Stem Cell Therapy for Osteoarthritis

Step 1: Description of the Disorder and Problem to Address
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that causes the breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. One major problem associated with OA is the loss of cartilage in the knee joint, which impedes proper movement and leads to significant discomfort. In this proposal, I will attempt to use stem cell therapy to regenerate the cartilage and alleviate pain for individuals suffering from knee OA.

Step 2: Chosen Stem Cell Type
The ideal stem cells for treating OA are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are multipotent cells that can differentiate into a variety of tissues, including cartilage. MSCs are a good choice for this disorder because they have shown the ability to regenerate damaged cartilage and reduce inflammation in joint tissues. Additionally, MSCs can be sourced from the patient’s own body (autologous), reducing the risk of immune rejection and complications.

Step 3: Genetic Match Considerations
For stem cell therapy to be most effective, the stem cells need to be a close genetic match to the patient to prevent the immune system from rejecting them. In autologous transplantation, stem cells are harvested from the patient’s own bone marrow or adipose tissue, ensuring a perfect genetic match. This minimizes the likelihood of immune reactions, which is a major concern when using allogenic stem cells (from a donor). A close genetic match allows for better integration of the stem cells into the joint and increases the likelihood of successful cartilage regeneration.

Step 4: Administration of Stem Cells
The stem cells will be introduced into the patient’s knee joint via an intra-articular injection. This method allows for direct delivery of the stem cells to the damaged cartilage, where they can differentiate and promote tissue repair. The injection will be guided using imaging techniques like ultrasound to ensure accurate placement and to minimize the risk of complications. The procedure will be minimally invasive and done under local anesthesia.

Step 5: Post-Procedure Monitoring and Assistance
After the procedure, I would monitor the patient’s progress through regular follow-up visits. This would involve assessing the knee joint’s function, pain levels, and range of motion using questionnaires, physical exams, and possibly imaging studies. To assist the patient in recovery, I would recommend a rehabilitation program, including physical therapy, to help strengthen the knee and improve mobility. I would also monitor for any signs of complications, such as infection or adverse immune responses, and adjust the treatment plan accordingly.

By utilizing stem cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells, we have the potential to regenerate cartilage, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis.

PLEASE READ EVERY QUESTION SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU ATTEMPT TO ANSWER IT. Make sure you understand what is being asked. Email me if you do not understand the question. In my experience, most student mistakes result from not carefully reading the question.
Make particular note about not leaving any answer blank.
If you wish to submit a graphic or a diagram as part
of your answer, you may either include this electronically in your file, or as an attachment to the message
with your answers.
ALL ANSWERS MUST BE TYPEWRITTEN.

PLEASE READ EVERY QUESTION SLOWLY AND CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU ATTEMPT TO ANSWER IT. Make sure you understand what is being asked. Email me if you do not understand the question. In my experience, most student mistakes result from not carefully reading the question.
Make particular note about not leaving any answer blank.
If you wish to submit a graphic or a diagram as part
of your answer, you may either include this electronically in your file, or as an attachment to the message
with your answers.
ALL ANSWERS MUST BE TYPEWRITTEN.

Do some research to determine the relative abundance of various kinds of living organisms on earth. For example, what is the proportion of prokaryotic to eukaryotic organisms? Microscopic (i.e., can′t see without a microscope) vs. macroscopic (i.e., large enough to see without a microscope)? Fungi, vs. Plants, vs. Animals?
include graphs, photos, tables in the essay