Category: Anthropology

For this assignment, 4 different interviews should be included. 8 questions for each interview and they should be the same 8 questions if the interviewees are all in the same category, for example: consumers of tobacco. Make it as the interviewees are 4 of my friends and a family member.
The 800 words of the paper will be structured into eight 100 word paragraphs, as follows:
Introduction: Reason for studying this topic, and very briefly, what the interviews reveal (a short summary of the rest of the paper)
Literature: What literature are you using and how it links to your findings. Make sure you use two authors from our readings
Findings: Expand on the themes revealed in the interview – tell your reader what four themes came up in your conversations – it can either be one theme per interview or four generic themes that come up from all the interviews
Theme 1: Talk about the theme and expand on it
Theme 2: Talk about the theme and expand on it
Theme 3: Talk about the theme and expand on it
Theme 4: Talk about the theme and expand on it
Conclusions: What can we learn from the interviews you conducted?
Please attach your interview questions and answers for each of the interviewees at the end of the paper.
I will also attach two readings that should be used as resources and I will attach the two previous assignments that might help.

Anthropologists have helped solve a wide variety of human problems throughout the history of the discipline by applying knowledge gained through ethnographic research, their unique approach to understanding the human experience. Your Mini-Ethnography assignment gives you the opportunity to think and work like an applied anthropologist by observing a particular person/group of people in a particular setting, describing specific problems or challenges they face, and thinking creatively and critically about how anthropological perspectives and methods might help solve these problems or challenges. Ideally the person/group you choose will be related to your major or career plans. Your overall goal in this assignment is to demonstrate—through clear and careful writing—your sharp observation and description skills, thoughtful exploration of specific challenges faced by the people you are studying, and creative and critical thinking about how anthropological methods and approaches might be applied to help resolve these challenges. The Mini-Ethnography assignment consists of two parts, a Proposal and the Mini-Ethnography itself. Below is the assignment for the Proposal
Mini-Ethnography Proposal (300 words)
Identify the person or group you would like to observe as the basis of your Mini-Ethnography. Again, ideally these will be people involved in your major or intended career (PYSCHOLOGY/social work) (Note: If some other group of people overwhelms you with fascination and you cannot look away, you may focus on them, with instructor approval, as long as it permits you to complete the rest of the assignment.)
Identify and briefly discuss one or two specific research questions or problems these people face that you would like to explore. These may well change as you actually spend time with people, but because there is always a ton going on in any slice of the human experience, it will be useful to have questions in mind beforehand to help structure your focus. It will also be a useful exercise for you to think about issues facing the profession you plan to pursue. What specific problems or challenges are people in this social group facing and trying to solve?
Identify and briefly discuss one or two specific research methods you think would be most useful and practical to explore these questions and challenges.
Identify and briefly discuss any chapters of the Kedia and Van Willigen volume that relate to your chosen group and/or research methods. Which domain discussed in their book might your Mini-Ethnography contribute to or draw from?
Properly cite any resource you use in this exercise following the American Anthropological Association Style Guide.

Please follow the instructions carefully. Please note that this is a infographic. Ensure everything mentioned in the bullet points are covered and the 3 references as well.
I have attached some of the powerpoints that were covered in class
Link from the pdf:
A primate-related example is available here: https://www.ran.org/conflict_palm_oil_supply_chain.

Your poster can take the form of a standard conference poster, a visual study organizer, an infographic, a cartoon, an animation, etc. Be as creative as you like! You may use software such as https://piktochart.com/formats/infographics/Links to an external site., https://www.canva.com/Links to an external site., https://www.designcap.com/app/?category=posterLink… to an external site., (or any others)
The module poster is intended for you to connect the ideas of the ENTIRE MODULE. This means you need to highlight the connecting ideas presented throughout the module. The main goal of the poster is for you to demonstrate the most important topics covered in the course through your own point of view. I want to see how you reinterpret and connect the ideas discussed in the course in a bigger picture. Think of it as a tool for yourself, or a product that would let you explain to anyone who is not in the class what are the most important takeaways from this module.
Your Module Poster must include at least the following information:
Main topics: your poster must include at least 3 main topics as discussed in lectures or labs (no more than 5)
Subtopics: Each main topic has at least 1-3 important subtopics and included how those topics are connected to the main topics
Connection to Evolutionary History: The poster demonstrates how each main topic helps us understand human evolutionary history and diversity
Fun Fact: There is at least 1 HIGHLIGHTED/LABLED fun fact separate from the important subtopics for each of the main topics
Creativity: The poster shows thought, time, effort, or creativity went into its creation
10 pts
Good
Includes 3-5 main topics from the module, including how the main topics relate to their subtopics and what the related facts are of the sub topic. At least 1 important thing about each main topic. Demonstrates how the main topic helps us understand human evolutionary history and diversity. At least one exciting fact per main topic.

DESCRIBING THE DISCIPLINE OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND CULTURE:
a) What is anthropology in general, and what range of subjects might anthropologists study? b)
Define cultural anthropology. c) Explain thoroughly what culture is (in your own words). d)
Describe and illustrate the five features (or the five “rules”) that define all cultures (please do not
describe aspects of culture like marriage, economics, religion, etc. to answer this question). e)
Please describe specific examples of how culture shapes your own entire life (you can describe
aspects of culture to answer this question).

INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN IN CLASS:
For this exam, you are required to write essay answers to questions below. Your answers must be a minimum of 675 words each. Answers will be graded according to four criteria:

The degree to which they show understanding of the ideas and content presented in class readings, lectures, and films/videos.
The quality of the logical reasoning in your argument
How well you use the material from lectures, readings and film/video from the class to support your argument (draw from at least 4 examples from different class sources for each question – this must include drawing from at least (preferably more) two journal articles for each question)
The quality of your essay writing.

Because this is a take home exam, I expect your answer to be a well written, edited essay with a clear short introduction, focused discussion points and a succinct conclusion that reiterates your points. I suggest you outline 3 points that you can link in a logical argument that addresses the question. Avoid overly grandiose statements or personalized statements as they always detract from having a short focused essay. Avoid writing ‘I think’ as this is inherent in that you are the one writing. The discussion is the most important part of your essay.

The final exam is a take-home, open-book, open-notes exam, but you must do it on your own, without discussion with other students. Cite examples you use from readings and films/videos, but you do not need to cite information from lectures/discussions.

QUESTION THAT HAS TO BE ANSWERED IN THIS ESSAY:
A contemporary anthropologist realizes that singularly focused research on any one local site and its particular culture results in an oversimplification of the situation under study. Discuss

Bellow are the links needed for each part each image is labeled Each part may or may not have a specific word count so please follow instructions
Video Link for part 1

Link For analysis part 2
https://www.pathwayz.org/Tree/Plain/APES+VS.+HOMININ+SKELETONS
Part 3 Links
Austrian Kim
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/australopithecus-and-kin-145077614/
Homo erectus
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/homo-erectus-a-bigger-smarter-97879043/
Visualize
https://peralta.instructure.com/courses/64853/pages/how-did-they-move

Assignment Instructions
Why do so many researchers still treat race as a scientific concept? For your assignment this week, you will ask respondents about their definitions or understandings of race. In this article, an anthropologist asked scientists, too, for their definitions of race:
https://slate.com/technology/2019/05/race-science-angela-saini-new-book-superior-deconstructed.htmlLinks to an external site.

For this research assignment and paper, you will first survey 20 adult people of your choosing to ask them about their attitudes about race. Do not survey or interview children, inmates, or anyone else who cannot give legal or voluntary consent.
Please tell your adult respondents that you are completing a research project and paper for your online Cultural Anthropology course on people’s understandings of, and attitudes about, race.
Important: Your respondents must remain anonymous. To maintain their confidentiality, in your field notes, you must codify them and not list their names. You may number each subject or use initials instead, but no first or last names should be included.
Explain no more. If respondents do not understand any of the five questions, please ask them to simply answer to the best of their ability and understanding, and explain that you are unable to discuss the question any further, according to assignment requirements.
Ask each of the 20 people the following 5 questions, and no more, and record their responses in your field notes, which you will submit with your paper:
1) How many races are there?
2) What are those races? (Please list them.)
3) What is your race?
4) What is your gender?
5) What is your age?
Then, in a 3-to-4 page double-spaced paper, in Times New Roman 12 point font, no longer and no shorter, explain your results.
Do you observe any patterns of responses based on respondents’ cultures, sub-cultures, or any particular socioeconomic background?
What about gender?
What about age?
Do people of particular age groups respond in a similar way?
Why do you think you observed the responses that you did?
How do the responses compare to the anthropological understanding of race, or to what you have learned in this course in the weekly lessons or in the textbook?
Be sure to include quotations or paraphrases from the textbook and/or weekly lesson and parenthetical in-text citations to support your points in the paper.

Be sure to include citations (page numbers from the textbook) for quotations and major ideas: see Citations for Notes & Observations assignments. N&O assignments without citations will receive a grade of zero. For this week, comment on all three “myths of destruction.”
Recordings for Myth and Ritual (Ovid Flood repeat)- Shared screen with speaker view
Betsy Perabo00:02From Theory and Divinity’s Introduction to Mythology.
page 1, 87, Abba’s Blood Story.
And now. within the Marble Council hall the gods were seated throned above them all, and leaning on his ivory scepter. Jove! 3 times, and then a fourth shook his dreadlocks.
and so perturbed the earth and sea and stars.
Then, opening his angry lips, he said, now more than ever, I am plagued, beset by cares and governing the world, I faced those horrible, horrid giants with their snake shaped feet, each monster with the 100 hands he had, was ready to assail the sky to seize these heavens.
but that challenge was much less than what confronts us now. for in the end, however fierce they were, those giants all, when they attacked. formed part of one same pact.
But now I must contend with scattered men throughout the world where Nereus’s waves resound. I shall destroy the mortals race. I swear, on the infernal streams that glide beneath the woods of sticks, that I have tried all other means.
And now I must excise that malady which can’t be cured. Mankind. lest the untainted beings on the earth become infected too?
Can you, O gods, believe they are secure? When I myself, who am the Lord of Lightning and your Lord
met with the trap Lycean set for me. Lycean, famed for his ferocity.
all shouted, keen to hear who had been guilty of such sacrileg. but Jove, with word and gesture curbed the uproar when they had quieted his words once more, could break the silence in the hall.
But sure he has already paid the penalty. But I’ll tell you his crime and punishment. I’d heard about this age of infamy. and hoping to disprove such tidings, I descended from Olympus’s heights.
I went from land to land a god in human guise. Just now it would be useless to describe each sacrilege I found upon all sides.
The truth was far, far worse than what I’d heard. and I had crossed Mount Manila’s dread slopes home of wild beast I passed. I passed Silene’s Peak and chill Lacaus’s pine grove.
so I reached the region, and the uninviting home of the Arcadian tyrant dusk had fallen. and night was soon to follow. I’d made known I was a God, and an Arcadian crowd began to worship me.
At first Lyceean just jeered at all their pious prayers, but then he said, I mean to test him.
Let us see if he, beyond all doubt, infallibly, is God or man. This was the test he’d planned by night with me asleep treacherously to murder me.
and not content with that, he seized a hostage the Militians had sent to him.
Lycian cut his throat, and some of the still warm limbs, he boiled in water.
and some he roasted on the fire. No sooner had he set these before me as my meal, than I, with my avenging lightning bolt. struck down his home, which caved in on itself
walls worthy of their owner.
He ran off in panic, and when he reached the fields within the stillness he began to howl.
He tried to utter words to no avail.
Wrath rises to his mouth, he foams, and just as he was always keen on slaughter, now he turns against the sheep.
Indeed, he’s pleased to shed more blood. His clothes are changed to fur, his arms to legs. He has become a wolf.
but he keeps traces of his former shape. His hair is gray, he has the same fierce gaze, his eyes still glitter, and he still presents a savage image. Yes, one house collapsed.
but it was more than one I should have smashed.
Wherever earth extends. Fierce fury rains a vast cabal of crime. That’s what I see.
let them all pay the proper penalties without delay, for such is my decree.
Some of the gods approved Joe’s words with shouts inciting him still more.
Some indicate ascent with silent signs. In any case complete destruction of the human race saddens them all.
What aspect would Earth take once it was stripped of men
who’d offer incense upon the altars. Had Jove planned by chance on wild beasts as earth’s sole inhabitants and overlords.
Such were the things they asked.
The king was quick to set their fears at rest. He would take care of everything.
He swore a new race, one far different from the first.
emerging wondrously, would share the earth. And now, as Job was just about to hurl his thunderbolts at the whole earth, he stayed his hand. He was afraid that all those flames might set the sacred sky ablaze, ignite the world from pole to pole.
He brought to mind that in the Book of Fates this was inscribed, a time would come when sea and land would burn, a conflagration that would overturn the palace of the sky, in fact, destroy the stunning fabric of the universe.
And so Jove set aside his lightning bolts forged by the Cyclops in their stead. He chose another punishment. He planned to drown the race of men beneath the waves.
he’d send a deluge down from every part of heaven at once within the caves of Aeolus. Jove shuts up Boreas and other gusts that might disperse the clouds.
but he frees notice who flies out on drenched wings. His awesome face is veiled in pitch, black darkness, and his beard is heavy with rain. Clouds and water flows down his white hair, dark fog rests on his brow, his wings and robes are dripping.
Suddenly his vast hands press against the hanging clouds, and from the sky rain pours as thunder roars. Then Iris, Juno’s messenger, or robes, or many colored fetches, water fuels the clouds with still more rain.
the crops are felled, the wretched farmer weeps as he sees all his hopes forlorn in ruins on the ground.
the labor of yawn, long years useless, gone.
but angry. Jove is hardly satisfied with just the waters of his realm on high. He needs his azure brothers aid his waves, and Neptune offers helps without delay.
The Lord of Waters summons all his rivers, they hurry to his halls.
This is his speech. The time is late, no long Harang’s, in brief. Set all your forces free. That’s what we need.
Open your gates and let your current speed loosen the reins. Don’t slow or stay your streams.
so he commands his river gods disband. Returning to their homes, they all unleash their founts and springs, and these rush towards the sea.
Neptune himself lifts high his trident strikes the earth, it shakes, and as it shudders, frees a pathway for the waters
as they leap across their banks they flood the open fields, orchards, and groves and herds, and men and homes and shrines, and all the sacred things they hold are swept away.
and if some house remains in place, despite the fury. It is faced, the rising waters over top the roof. the towers can’t be seen beneath the eddies.
Between the land and sea. One cannot draw distinctions. All is C,
but with no shore one man seeks refuge on a hill. another rose in his curving boat, where, just before he’d plowed one sails across his fields of grain, or over the submerged roof of his villa.
Sometimes an anchor snags in a green meadow. sometimes a curving keel may raise the vines where grateful goats had grazed along the grass.
the squat sea lions sprawl, and under sea the Nariads amaze, stare hard at cities and homes and groves, through woodlands, dolphins roam.
they bump against tall branches, knock and shake oak trees. The wolf now swims among the sheep. the waves bear tawny lions, carry tigers, the boar is swept along, his lightning force is useless.
and the stag’s swift legs can’t help the bird that searched so long for land where he might rest.
Flight weary, falls into the sea.
By now the heights are buried by sea swells the surge, a thing no one has seen before beats on the mountain tops. Most men are drowned among the waves, and those who have escaped deprived of food become starvation’s prairie.
Unknown Speaker09:10The land that lies between Boeisha and Oaita’s fields is focus.
Betsy Perabo09:16fertile land as long as it was land.
But now a mass. The sudden surge had changed into a vast sea tract.
There Mount Parnassus lifts Star high its 2 steep peaks that tower over clouds.
and here the only place the flood had spared. Ducal and his wife, in their small skiff had landed.
First they prayed unto the nymphs of the Corcyrian cave, the mountain gods.
and Themis she, the goddess who foretells the future in those early days, was still the keeper of the Delphic oracle.
One could not point to any better man a man with deeper love for justice than Ducalon. and of all women, none match Pura in devotion to the gods.
And when Jove saw the flooded word whirled by now a stagnant swamp. and saw that just one man was left of those who had been myriads.
that but one woman escaped the waves, 2 beings who were pious, innocent.
He rent the clouds, then sent out Boreas to scatter them. The sky could see again the land and land again could see the heavens. The fury of the sea subsided too, and Neptune set aside his 3 pronged weapon.
the God of waters pacified the waves and summoned sea-green Triton. bidding him to resound, to blow on his resounding conk assign for seas and streams to end the flood.
retreat.
the rivers fall back, and the hills emerge, the sea has shores once more. The Riverbeds, however, full their flow, now keep it channeled.
The land increases as the waters ebb. the soil can now be seen, and then at last, after that long night. trees show their bare tops, with traces of the flood slime on their boughs.
The world had been restored to what it was. but when do Callians saw earth so forlorn a wasteland, where deep silence. a bare and desolate expanse.
He shed sad tears, and said to Pira.
O my wife, dear sister! The only woman left on earth, the one to whom I was first linked as a dear cousin. and then as husband. Now we are together in danger.
All lands, both East and west are empty. Now we alone are left. The sea has taken all the rest. and we may not survive. We have no certainties.
That vision of the clouds still haunts my mind. How would you feel, sad heart, if you’d survived the pale flood? But I had lost my life. How would you all alone have borne the fear.
With whom would you alone have shared your tears? For if the sea had swallowed you, dear wife, I, too, believe me, would have followed you, and let the deluge drown me too.
What I were master of the arts my father plied that I, son of Prometheus, would mould and so renew mankind.
It’s many tribes.
but now the race of men has been reduced, so did the De God’s decree to me and you.
We are the last exemplars.
So he said. together they shed tears, and then resolved to plead with the celestial power to pray unto the sacred oracle for aid.
Then side by side. They went without delay to seek the waters of Suffius’s stream. and although its waters were not limpid, yet the river flowed, and along its normal bed.
they took some water, and upon their heads and clothing sprinkled it, then turned their steps to the holy Themus’s shrine.
The roof was grimed with pallid moss. The altars had no flame. They reached the temple steps, and there they both kneeled down, bent to the ground in awe. They kissed the cold stones.
saying, if the gods are pleased by righteous prayers, and their wrath can be appeased, then tell us, Themus.
by what means the ruin of our race can be redeemed. and kindness. Goddess helped this flooded world. The goddess had been moved. Her oracle gave this response.
Now, as you leave the temple, hover your heads, and do not bind your clothes and throw behind you as you go the bones of the Great Mother.
They’re stunned, struck dumb. and Pura is the first to break their long silence.
She says she cannot do as she is told. With trembling voice she begs the goddess’s pardon. but she cannot offend her mother’s shade by scattering her bones. Again. Again they ponder. All the oracle had said
those words, obscure and dark. leave them perplex, perplexed.
At last Prometheus’s son speaks words that would allay the fields of Epimetheus’s daughter.
I may be wrong.
but I think Themus answer did not involve impiety. or ask for any sacrifice
by the great Mother. The earth is meant, and bones, I think, mean stones which lie inside earth’s body.
It is these that we must throw behind us as we leave
the husband’s explanation solace Pira. Yet hope was not yet firm, for, after all, they both were doubtful of the oracle.
But what is wrong in trying? They set out. they veil their heads, they both anchor their clothes, and they throw stones behind them as they go. And yes, if those of old did not attest the tale. I tell you now who could accept its truth?
The stones began to lose their hardness. They softened slowly, and in softening, changed form.
Their mass grew greater and their nature more tender. One could see the dim beginning of human forms still rough and inexact. the kind of likeness that a statue has, when one has just begun to block the marble.
those parts that bore some moisture from the earth became the flesh. whereas the solid parts, whatever could not bend, became the bones.
What had been veins remained with the same name, and since the gods had wielded so quite soon the stones the man had thrown were changed to men.
and those the women cast took women’s forms.
From this. Our race is tough, tenacious. We work hard
proof of our stony ancestry.
The other animals, arrayed in forms of such variety, were born of earth. Spontaneously the torrent sun began to warm the moisture that the earth, the flood, had left within the ground.
Beneath that blazing heat soft, soft marshes swelled, the fertile seeds were nourished by the soil that gave them life as in a mother’s womb.
and so in time, as each seat grew, it took on its own form.
So when the Nile, the stream with 7 mouths, recedes from the soaked fields, and carries back its waters to the bed they had before. and slime still fresh, dries underneath the sun.
The farmers, turning over clods, discover some who are newly born.
others who’ve just begun to take their forms. and others who were still unfinished, incomplete.
They have not achieved proportion, and indeed, in one same body. One part may be alive already.
while another is a lump of shapeless soil for tempering each other. Heat and moisture in gender life. The union of these 2 produces everything.
though it is true that fire is the enemy of water. Moist heat is the creator of all things. Discordant concord is the path life needs.
and when still muddy from the flawed, the earth had dried beneath the sunlight’s clement warmth.
she brought forth countless living forms.
while some were the old sorts that earth had now restored.
Unknown Speaker17:18She also fashion shapes not seen before.
Recordings for Myth and Ritual Noah- Shared screen with speaker view
Betsy Perabo00:02Very end of any introduction to mythology. Page 1, 99. The flood story from Genesis.
when men began to multiply on the face of the earth. and daughters were born to them. The sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair.
and they took to wife such of them as they chose.
Then the Lord said, My spirit shall not abide in man for ever. for he is flesh. but his days shall be a hundred 20 years.
The Nephalm were on the earth those days, and also afterward.
when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men. and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men
that were of all the men of renown.
The Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth.
and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
and the Lord was sorry that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. So the Lord said, I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the ground
man and beast, and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them. But Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord.
these are the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation. Noah walked with God.
and Noah had 3 sons, Shem, Ham, and Japan. Now the earth was corrupt in God’s sight.
and the earth was filled with violence, and God saw the earth, and behold, it was corrupt.
for all flesh had corrupted their way upon the earth. and God said to Noah, I have determined to make an end of all flesh.
for the earth is filled with violence through them. Behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Make yourself an arc of gopher wood, make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and out with pitch.
This is how you were to make it the length of the arc, 300 cubits its breadth 50 cubits, and its height 30 cubits. Make a roof for the ark, and finish it to a cubit above, and set the door of the ark in its side.
make it with lower, second and third decks, for behold, I will bring a flood of waters on the earth to destroy all flesh which is the breath of life from under heaven.
and everything that is on the earth shall die.
But I will establish my covenant with you, and you shall come into the art, you, your sons, your wife and your sons, wives with you.
and of every living thing of all flesh. You shall bring 2 of every sort into the ark to keep them alive with you. They shall be male and female
of the birds, according to their kinds, and of the animals, according to their kinds of every creeping thing of the ground according to its kind. 2 of its short shall come into you to keep them alive.
and also take with you every sort of food that is eaten and store it up, and it shall serve as food for you and for them.
Noah did this. He did all that the Lord had commanded him.
Then the Lord said to Noah, Go into the ark, you and all your household, for I have seen that you were righteous before me in this generation.
Take with you 7 pairs of all clean animals, the male and his mate, and a pair of the animals that are also not clean. The male and his mate.
and 7 pairs of the birds of the air, also male and female. to keep their kind alive on the face of all the earth.
for in 7 days I will send rain upon the earth 40 days and 40 nights, and every living thing that I have made I will blot out from the face of the ground.
and Noah did all that the Lord had commanded him.
Noah was 600 years when the flood of waters came upon the earth, and Noah and his sons and his wife and his sons wives, went with him into the ark
to escape the waters of the flood
of clean animals and of animals that are not clean, and of birds, and of everything that creeps on the ground. 2 and 2, male and female, went into the ark with Noah, as God had commanded Noah.
and after 7 days the waters of the flood came upon the earth. In the sixth 100 year of Noah’s life. In the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month.
on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were open.
and rain fell on the earth 40 days and 40 nights. On the very same day Noah and his sons, Shem and Ham, and Jaffe’s, and Noah’s wife, and the 3 wives of his sons. With them entered the ark.
They and every beast according to its kind, and all the cattle according to their kinds, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth according to its kind, and every bird according to its kind, every bird of every sort.
They went into the ark with Noah 2 and 2 of all flesh
in which there was the breath of life.
and that they that entered, male and female, of all flesh went in as God had commanded him. and the Lord shut him in.
The flood continued 40 days upon the earth, and the waters increased and bore up the earth, and it rose high above the earth.
The waters prevailed and increased greatly upon the earth, and the ark floated on the face of the waters, and the waters prevailed so mightily upon the earth that all the high mountains under the whole heaven were covered.
The waters prevailed above the mountains, covering them 15 cubits deep, and all flesh died that moved upon the earth. Birds, cattle, beasts, all swarming creatures that swarm upon the earth, and every man
everything on the dry land, in whose nostrils was the breath of life, died.
He blotted out every living thing that was upon the face of the ground. Man and animals and creeping things and birds of the air. They were blotted out from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those that were with him in the ark, and the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred 50 days.
But God remembered Noah, and all the beasts of the and all the cattle that were with him in the ark. and God made a wind blow over the earth, and the waters subsided.
The fountains of the deep, and the windows of the heaven were closed, the rain from the heavens was restrained, and the waters receded from the earth continually.
At the end of a hundred 50 days the waters had abated, and in the seventh month, seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Arara.
and the waters continued to abate until the tenth month. In the tenth month. On the first day of the month the tops of the mountains were seen.
At the end of 40 days Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made, and sent forth a raven. It went to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth.
Then he sent forth a dove from him to see if the waters had subsided from the face of the ground, but the dove found no place to set her foot, and she returned to him to the ark, for the waters were still on the face of the whole earth.
So he put forth his hand and took her, and brought her into the ark with him. He waited another 7 days.
and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark.
and the dove came back to him in the evening, and low in her mouth a freshly plucked olive leaf, so that so no one knew that the waters had subsided from the earth.
Then he waited another 7 days, and sent forth a dove, and she did not return to him anymore.
In the 600 and first year in the first month, the first day of the month the waters were dried off from the earth, and Noah removed the covering of the ark and looked, and behold, the face of the ground was dry.
In the second month, on the 20 seventh day of the month the earth was dry. Then God said to Noah, Go forth from the ark, you and your wife, and your sons and your sons, wives with you.
bring forth with you every living thing that is with you, of all flesh, birds, and animals, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, so that they may breed abundantly on the earth, and fruitful and multiply upon the earth.
So Noah went forth his sons and his wife and his sons, wives with him
and every beast, every creeping thing, and every bird, everything that moves upon the earth, went forth by families out of the ark.
Then Noah built an altar to the Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
and when the Lord smelled the pleasing odour, the Lord said in his heart, I will never again curse the ground because of man. for the imagined imagination of man’s heart is evil from his youth.
neither will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done
while the earth remains seed time and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night shall not cease.
and God blessed Noah and his sons intent to them be fruitful, and multiply and fill the earth. The fear of you, and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth.
and upon every bird of the air. upon everything that creeps on the ground, and all the fish of the sea into your hand they are delivered every moving thing that lives shall be good for you, and as I gave you the green plants I give you everything.
only you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood for your lifeblood I surely will require a reckon of every beast. I will require it, and of man.
of every man’s brother. I will require the life of man. Whoever sheds the blood of man by man shall his blood be shed.
for God made man in his own image.
and you be fruitful and multiply, bring forth abundantly on the earth, and multiply it.
Then God said to Noah and his sons with him, Behold, I establish my covenant with you, and the descendants after you.
and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you, as many came out of the ark.
I will establish my covenant with you, that never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of flood. and never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth. And God said, This is the sign of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you for all future generations.
I set my bow into the cloud, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and the earth. When I bring clouds over the earth, and the bow is seen in the clouds, I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you, and every living cl creature of all flesh
and the waters will never again become a flood to destroy all flesh
when the bow is in the clouds, I will look upon it, and remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth. God said to Noah, This is the sign of the covenant which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth.
The sons of Noah, who went forth from the ark, were Shem, Am. And Japheth Ham was the father of Canaan. These 3 were the sons of Noah. and from these the whole earth was peopled.
Noah was the first tiller of the soil. He planted a vineyard, and he drank of the wine and became drunk and lay uncovered in his tent. and Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his 2 brothers outside.
Then Sham and Japheth took a garment, laid it both upon their shoulders, and walked backward and covered the nakedness of their father.
Their faces were turned away, and they did not see their father’s nakedness.
When Noah awoke from his wine and knew what his youngest son had done to him, he said, First be Canaan.
a slave of slaves shall he be to his brothers. He also said, Blessed by the Lord, be my God, be Shem, and let Canaan be his slave.
God enlarged atheth, and let him dwell in the tents of sham, and let Canaan be his slave.
After the flood. Noah lived 350 years. All the days of Noah were 950 years.
and he died.
Ragnarok (starts on 206)
Betsy Perabo00:01Fromury and Divini’s introduction to mythology. Page 206, a selection from Red Rock.
Then Gunleari asked. What is the way from earth to heaven. Then high, one answered, laughing.
No one, well informed, would ask such a question. Have you never been told that the gods build a bridge, built a bridge from earth to heaven, called by frost.
You have seen it, but maybe you call it the Rainbow. It has 3 colors, and is very strong.
and made with more skill and cunning than other structures.
but, strong as it is, it will break when the sons of Moose bell ride out over it to Harry. and their horses will swim over great rivers. and in this fashion they will come on the scene.
Then Ganglieri said, it doesn’t seem to me that the gods built a reliable bridge when it is going to break, and yet they can do what they will.
I once said, the gods are not to blame for this structure.
Bifrost is a good bridge, but there is nothing in the world that can be relied on when the sons of Blues fell are on the war path.
Then Glugleer said, what is there to relate about Ragnarok?
I’ve never heard tell of this before.
I once said. There are many in glad tidings to tell about it. First will come the winter
called Thimbolt, vert. Veter snow will drive from all quarters. There will be hard frosts and biting winds. The sun will be no use.
There will be 3 such winters on end, with no summer between.
Before that, however, 3 other winters will pass, accompanied by great wars throughout the entire world.
Brothers will kill each other for the sake of gain, and no one will spare father or son in manslaughter or in incest.
as it says in the Sybil’s vision. brothers will fight and kill each other. siblings do incest, men will know, misery, adulteries be multiplied.
an axe. Age, a sword, age, shields would be cloven, a wind age, a wolf age before the world’s ruin.
Then will occur what we’ll see in a great piece of news. The wolf will swallow the sun, and that will seem a great disaster to men. Then another wolf will seize the moon, and that one, too, will do great harm.
The stars will disappear from heaven, and this will come to pass. The whole surface of the earth and the mountains will tremble so violently that trees will be uprooted from the ground, mountains will crash down, and all fetters and ponds will be snapped and severed.
The wolf fen rear will get loose. Then the sea will lash against the land, because the Midgard’s serpent is writhing in giant fury. Trying to come ashore.
At that time, too, the ship known as Numpar
will become free. It is made of dead men’s nails. So it is worth warning you that if any one dies with his nails uncut.
he will greatly increase the material for that ship which both gods and men devoutly hope will take a long time building the wolf fen rear will advance with his wide open mouth. His upper jaw against the sky
is lower on the earth. It would gape more widely still if there were room.
and his eyes and nostrils will blaze with fire. The Midgard serpent will blow so much poison that the whole sky and sea will be spattered with it. He is most terrible, and will be on the other side of the wolf.
In this din the sky will be rent asunder, and the sons of Moosevel ride forth from it. Search will ride first, and with him fire blazing before both before and behind.
has a very good sword, and it shines more brightly than the sun when they ride over by frost. However, as had been said before, that bridge will break. the sons of Moosebell will push forward to the plain called Vigrid.
and the wolf Fenrier, and the mid card serpent will go there too. Loki and Brim, with all the frost giants, will also be there by them, and all the family of hell will accompany Loki.
The sons of Moose Bell, however, will form a host in themselves, and that a very bright one. The plane vigrid is a hundred 20 leagues in every direction.
When those things are happening, Heimdel will stand up and blow a great blast on the horn, Joel, and awaken all the gods, and they will hold an assembly.
Then Odin will ride to Mimir’s spring and ask Mimir advice for himself and his company. the Ashgu Zitzer will tremble, and nothing in heaven or earth will be free from fear.
The Assir and all the Einherdar will arm themselves and press forward on to the plain.
Odin will ride first in a helmet of gold and a beautiful coat of mail with his spear Gungnir, and he will make for the wolf than rear.
Thor will advance at his side, but we will be unable to help him, because he will have his hands full fighting the Mid guard serpent.
Frey will fight against search, and it will be a hard conflict before Frey falls. The loss of the good sword that he gave to Skeernear will bring about his death. Then the hound Garm, which was bound in front of Liparo, will also get free, for he is the worst sort of monster
he will battle with tear, and each will kill the other. Thor will slay the Midgard’s serpent, but stagger back only 9 paces before he falls down dead on account of the poison blown on him by the serpent.
The wolf will swallow Odin, and that will be his death. Immediately afterwards, however, Vidar will stride forward and place one foot on the lower jaw of the wolf.
On this foot he will be wearing the shoe which has been in the making since the beginning of time. It consists of the strips of leathermen pair off at the toes and heels of their shoes.
and for this reason people who want to help the esser must throw away these strips.
Vidar will take the wolf’s upper jaw in one hand and tear his throat asunder, and that will be the wolf’s death. Loki will battle with Heimdal, and each will kill each other.
Thereupon search will fling fire over the earth and burn off the whole world.
as it says in the Sybil’s vision Heim del blows loud, his horn raise aloft.
Odin speaks with Mimir’s head. Igdostrol trembles old outspreading ash and groans as the giant gets free. Prim drives from the east, holds high his shield before him.
German gunned, writhes in giant rage. The serpent turns up, waves screaming for joy. Ghastly eagle will tear dead bodies with his beak.
From the east sails a ship from the sea will come. The people of Moose fell with Loki as Pilate.
All sons of fiends are rowing with Fenrier with them on this voyage is Bailey’s brother.
Then occurs Lynn’s second grief. When Odin goes to fight the wolf.
and Billy’s pain turns fare on search. then will freeze. Beloved die
to fight. The wolf goes over the sun. Vidar is on his way, sword in hand, he will Kierse, the heart of Edwin’s son.
Thus is his sire avenged. The famous son of earth falls back fainting from the serpent, fearing not attack. all mankind must abandon home. When Midgard’s buckler strikes in wrath.
the sun will go, black earth sink in the sea, heaven be strapped of its bright stars. smoke, rage, and fire leaping the flame lick heaven itself.
Then gang. Larry asked, what will happen afterwards, when heaven and earth and the whole world has been burned, and all the gods are dead. and all the iron hair jar and the whole race of man.
Didn’t you say before that every one will go on living for ever in some world or other.
The third answered, there will be many good dwelling places then, and many bad.
The best place to be at that time will be gimlet in heaven. and for those that like it there is plenty of good drink in the hall called Premier that is, on Oporne. There is also an excellent hall on Nietzsche concentry. It is made of red gold.
Good and righteous men will live in these halls. On Nostra, dear, there is a large and horrible hall, whose doors face north.
It is made on the backs of serpents woven together like waddle work. with all their heads turning into the house and spewing poison. so that rivers of it run through the hall.
Perjurers and murderers weighed these rivers, as it says, here I know Hall, whose doors face north on Nostreon, far from the sun. poison drips from light in the roof. That building is woven of backs of snakes.
Their heavy streams must be waded through by breakers of pledges and murderers. But it is worst of all. In fair Delmier
there needhog the devils, the bodies of the dead.
Then Ganglion asked, Will any of the gods be living, then will there be any earth or heaven? Then
I once said, at that time the earth will rise out of the sea and be green and fair, and fields of corn will grow that will never that were never sown. Vidar and volley will be living, so neither the sea nor sorts. Fire will have done them injury, and they will inhabit idable
where Asgard used to be. and the sons of Thor Modi and Maudney will come there and possess Majolnir. After that vulgar and hard will come from hell.
They will all sit down together and converse, calling to mind their hidden lore, and talking about things that happened in the past about the Midgard serpent and the wolf fen rear.
than they will find there in the grass the golden chessmen the acere used to own.
as it is said, Vidar and Bali, when Cert’s temple has died, will dwell in the temples.
Modi and Bonnie Thor’s Majolmere will own at the end of the battle.
while the world is being burned by search in a place called Hodemir’s Wood will be concerned, concealed 2 human beings called Lift and lift Cossier.
Their food will be the morning dews, and from these men will come so great a stock that the whole world will be peopled, as it says. Here.
lift and lift flossier and hood mirrors. Wood will be hidden in the morning dews their food and drink.
From thence will come then, after that.
and if you think this strange, but the son will have borne a daughter no less lovely than herself.
and she will follow the paths of her mother, as it says here.
glory of elves to a girl will give birth before Fenrier overtakes her. When the gods are dead she will pursue the paths of her mother.
And now, if you have anything more to ask, I can’t think how you can manage it. for I have never heard any one tell more of the story of the world. Make what use of it you can.
The next thing. Gunleary heard a tremendous noise on all sides, and turned about. and when when he had looked all around him and found that he was standing in the open air on a level plane
he saw neither home nor stronghold. Then he went on his way, and coming home to his kingdom, related the tidings he had seen and heard. and after him these stories had been handed, handed down
from one man to another.
Project/paper: Myth and Storytelling: In Weeks 5-7, students will present a myth to the class on their assigned week in audio and/or visual form (no longer than 4 minutes, 4 powerpoint slides, or the equivalent), then write a 1000-1200 word paper, due Wednesday, 3/13, 9 p.m., that builds on their presentation and other students’ responses. Details will be provided during Week 3. Since ANTH/REL 225 is a general education course, students will have the opportunity to receive substantial feedback on a draft of their paper before final submission; drafts are due by Wednesday, 2/28, 9 p.m.

Be sure to include citations (page numbers from the textbook) for quotations and major ideas: see Citations for Notes & Observations assignments. N&O assignments without citations will receive a grade of zero. For this week, comment on all three “myths of destruction.”
Recordings for Myth and Ritual (Ovid Flood repeat)- Shared screen with speaker view
Betsy Perabo00:02From Theory and Divinity’s Introduction to Mythology.
page 1, 87, Abba’s Blood Story.
And now. within the Marble Council hall the gods were seated throned above them all, and leaning on his ivory scepter. Jove! 3 times, and then a fourth shook his dreadlocks.
and so perturbed the earth and sea and stars.
Then, opening his angry lips, he said, now more than ever, I am plagued, beset by cares and governing the world, I faced those horrible, horrid giants with their snake shaped feet, each monster with the 100 hands he had, was ready to assail the sky to seize these heavens.
but that challenge was much less than what confronts us now. for in the end, however fierce they were, those giants all, when they attacked. formed part of one same pact.
But now I must contend with scattered men throughout the world where Nereus’s waves resound. I shall destroy the mortals race. I swear, on the infernal streams that glide beneath the woods of sticks, that I have tried all other means.
And now I must excise that malady which can’t be cured. Mankind. lest the untainted beings on the earth become infected too?
Can you, O gods, believe they are secure? When I myself, who am the Lord of Lightning and your Lord
met with the trap Lycean set for me. Lycean, famed for his ferocity.
all shouted, keen to hear who had been guilty of such sacrileg. but Jove, with word and gesture curbed the uproar when they had quieted his words once more, could break the silence in the hall.
But sure he has already paid the penalty. But I’ll tell you his crime and punishment. I’d heard about this age of infamy. and hoping to disprove such tidings, I descended from Olympus’s heights.
I went from land to land a god in human guise. Just now it would be useless to describe each sacrilege I found upon all sides.
The truth was far, far worse than what I’d heard. and I had crossed Mount Manila’s dread slopes home of wild beast I passed. I passed Silene’s Peak and chill Lacaus’s pine grove.
so I reached the region, and the uninviting home of the Arcadian tyrant dusk had fallen. and night was soon to follow. I’d made known I was a God, and an Arcadian crowd began to worship me.
At first Lyceean just jeered at all their pious prayers, but then he said, I mean to test him.
Let us see if he, beyond all doubt, infallibly, is God or man. This was the test he’d planned by night with me asleep treacherously to murder me.
and not content with that, he seized a hostage the Militians had sent to him.
Lycian cut his throat, and some of the still warm limbs, he boiled in water.
and some he roasted on the fire. No sooner had he set these before me as my meal, than I, with my avenging lightning bolt. struck down his home, which caved in on itself
walls worthy of their owner.
He ran off in panic, and when he reached the fields within the stillness he began to howl.
He tried to utter words to no avail.
Wrath rises to his mouth, he foams, and just as he was always keen on slaughter, now he turns against the sheep.
Indeed, he’s pleased to shed more blood. His clothes are changed to fur, his arms to legs. He has become a wolf.
but he keeps traces of his former shape. His hair is gray, he has the same fierce gaze, his eyes still glitter, and he still presents a savage image. Yes, one house collapsed.
but it was more than one I should have smashed.
Wherever earth extends. Fierce fury rains a vast cabal of crime. That’s what I see.
let them all pay the proper penalties without delay, for such is my decree.
Some of the gods approved Joe’s words with shouts inciting him still more.
Some indicate ascent with silent signs. In any case complete destruction of the human race saddens them all.
What aspect would Earth take once it was stripped of men
who’d offer incense upon the altars. Had Jove planned by chance on wild beasts as earth’s sole inhabitants and overlords.
Such were the things they asked.
The king was quick to set their fears at rest. He would take care of everything.
He swore a new race, one far different from the first.
emerging wondrously, would share the earth. And now, as Job was just about to hurl his thunderbolts at the whole earth, he stayed his hand. He was afraid that all those flames might set the sacred sky ablaze, ignite the world from pole to pole.
He brought to mind that in the Book of Fates this was inscribed, a time would come when sea and land would burn, a conflagration that would overturn the palace of the sky, in fact, destroy the stunning fabric of the universe.
And so Jove set aside his lightning bolts forged by the Cyclops in their stead. He chose another punishment. He planned to drown the race of men beneath the waves.
he’d send a deluge down from every part of heaven at once within the caves of Aeolus. Jove shuts up Boreas and other gusts that might disperse the clouds.
but he frees notice who flies out on drenched wings. His awesome face is veiled in pitch, black darkness, and his beard is heavy with rain. Clouds and water flows down his white hair, dark fog rests on his brow, his wings and robes are dripping.
Suddenly his vast hands press against the hanging clouds, and from the sky rain pours as thunder roars. Then Iris, Juno’s messenger, or robes, or many colored fetches, water fuels the clouds with still more rain.
the crops are felled, the wretched farmer weeps as he sees all his hopes forlorn in ruins on the ground.
the labor of yawn, long years useless, gone.
but angry. Jove is hardly satisfied with just the waters of his realm on high. He needs his azure brothers aid his waves, and Neptune offers helps without delay.
The Lord of Waters summons all his rivers, they hurry to his halls.
This is his speech. The time is late, no long Harang’s, in brief. Set all your forces free. That’s what we need.
Open your gates and let your current speed loosen the reins. Don’t slow or stay your streams.
so he commands his river gods disband. Returning to their homes, they all unleash their founts and springs, and these rush towards the sea.
Neptune himself lifts high his trident strikes the earth, it shakes, and as it shudders, frees a pathway for the waters
as they leap across their banks they flood the open fields, orchards, and groves and herds, and men and homes and shrines, and all the sacred things they hold are swept away.
and if some house remains in place, despite the fury. It is faced, the rising waters over top the roof. the towers can’t be seen beneath the eddies.
Between the land and sea. One cannot draw distinctions. All is C,
but with no shore one man seeks refuge on a hill. another rose in his curving boat, where, just before he’d plowed one sails across his fields of grain, or over the submerged roof of his villa.
Sometimes an anchor snags in a green meadow. sometimes a curving keel may raise the vines where grateful goats had grazed along the grass.
the squat sea lions sprawl, and under sea the Nariads amaze, stare hard at cities and homes and groves, through woodlands, dolphins roam.
they bump against tall branches, knock and shake oak trees. The wolf now swims among the sheep. the waves bear tawny lions, carry tigers, the boar is swept along, his lightning force is useless.
and the stag’s swift legs can’t help the bird that searched so long for land where he might rest.
Flight weary, falls into the sea.
By now the heights are buried by sea swells the surge, a thing no one has seen before beats on the mountain tops. Most men are drowned among the waves, and those who have escaped deprived of food become starvation’s prairie.
Unknown Speaker09:10The land that lies between Boeisha and Oaita’s fields is focus.
Betsy Perabo09:16fertile land as long as it was land.
But now a mass. The sudden surge had changed into a vast sea tract.
There Mount Parnassus lifts Star high its 2 steep peaks that tower over clouds.
and here the only place the flood had spared. Ducal and his wife, in their small skiff had landed.
First they prayed unto the nymphs of the Corcyrian cave, the mountain gods.
and Themis she, the goddess who foretells the future in those early days, was still the keeper of the Delphic oracle.
One could not point to any better man a man with deeper love for justice than Ducalon. and of all women, none match Pura in devotion to the gods.
And when Jove saw the flooded word whirled by now a stagnant swamp. and saw that just one man was left of those who had been myriads.
that but one woman escaped the waves, 2 beings who were pious, innocent.
He rent the clouds, then sent out Boreas to scatter them. The sky could see again the land and land again could see the heavens. The fury of the sea subsided too, and Neptune set aside his 3 pronged weapon.
the God of waters pacified the waves and summoned sea-green Triton. bidding him to resound, to blow on his resounding conk assign for seas and streams to end the flood.
retreat.
the rivers fall back, and the hills emerge, the sea has shores once more. The Riverbeds, however, full their flow, now keep it channeled.
The land increases as the waters ebb. the soil can now be seen, and then at last, after that long night. trees show their bare tops, with traces of the flood slime on their boughs.
The world had been restored to what it was. but when do Callians saw earth so forlorn a wasteland, where deep silence. a bare and desolate expanse.
He shed sad tears, and said to Pira.
O my wife, dear sister! The only woman left on earth, the one to whom I was first linked as a dear cousin. and then as husband. Now we are together in danger.
All lands, both East and west are empty. Now we alone are left. The sea has taken all the rest. and we may not survive. We have no certainties.
That vision of the clouds still haunts my mind. How would you feel, sad heart, if you’d survived the pale flood? But I had lost my life. How would you all alone have borne the fear.
With whom would you alone have shared your tears? For if the sea had swallowed you, dear wife, I, too, believe me, would have followed you, and let the deluge drown me too.
What I were master of the arts my father plied that I, son of Prometheus, would mould and so renew mankind.
It’s many tribes.
but now the race of men has been reduced, so did the De God’s decree to me and you.
We are the last exemplars.
So he said. together they shed tears, and then resolved to plead with the celestial power to pray unto the sacred oracle for aid.
Then side by side. They went without delay to seek the waters of Suffius’s stream. and although its waters were not limpid, yet the river flowed, and along its normal bed.
they took some water, and upon their heads and clothing sprinkled it, then turned their steps to the holy Themus’s shrine.
The roof was grimed with pallid moss. The altars had no flame. They reached the temple steps, and there they both kneeled down, bent to the ground in awe. They kissed the cold stones.
saying, if the gods are pleased by righteous prayers, and their wrath can be appeased, then tell us, Themus.
by what means the ruin of our race can be redeemed. and kindness. Goddess helped this flooded world. The goddess had been moved. Her oracle gave this response.
Now, as you leave the temple, hover your heads, and do not bind your clothes and throw behind you as you go the bones of the Great Mother.
They’re stunned, struck dumb. and Pura is the first to break their long silence.
She says she cannot do as she is told. With trembling voice she begs the goddess’s pardon. but she cannot offend her mother’s shade by scattering her bones. Again. Again they ponder. All the oracle had said
those words, obscure and dark. leave them perplex, perplexed.
At last Prometheus’s son speaks words that would allay the fields of Epimetheus’s daughter.
I may be wrong.
but I think Themus answer did not involve impiety. or ask for any sacrifice
by the great Mother. The earth is meant, and bones, I think, mean stones which lie inside earth’s body.
It is these that we must throw behind us as we leave
the husband’s explanation solace Pira. Yet hope was not yet firm, for, after all, they both were doubtful of the oracle.
But what is wrong in trying? They set out. they veil their heads, they both anchor their clothes, and they throw stones behind them as they go. And yes, if those of old did not attest the tale. I tell you now who could accept its truth?
The stones began to lose their hardness. They softened slowly, and in softening, changed form.
Their mass grew greater and their nature more tender. One could see the dim beginning of human forms still rough and inexact. the kind of likeness that a statue has, when one has just begun to block the marble.
those parts that bore some moisture from the earth became the flesh. whereas the solid parts, whatever could not bend, became the bones.
What had been veins remained with the same name, and since the gods had wielded so quite soon the stones the man had thrown were changed to men.
and those the women cast took women’s forms.
From this. Our race is tough, tenacious. We work hard
proof of our stony ancestry.
The other animals, arrayed in forms of such variety, were born of earth. Spontaneously the torrent sun began to warm the moisture that the earth, the flood, had left within the ground.
Beneath that blazing heat soft, soft marshes swelled, the fertile seeds were nourished by the soil that gave them life as in a mother’s womb.
and so in time, as each seat grew, it took on its own form.
So when the Nile, the stream with 7 mouths, recedes from the soaked fields, and carries back its waters to the bed they had before. and slime still fresh, dries underneath the sun.
The farmers, turning over clods, discover some who are newly born.
others who’ve just begun to take their forms. and others who were still unfinished, incomplete.
They have not achieved proportion, and indeed, in one same body. One part may be alive already.
while another is a lump of shapeless soil for tempering each other. Heat and moisture in gender life. The union of these 2 produces everything.
though it is true that fire is the enemy of water. Moist heat is the creator of all things. Discordant concord is the path life needs.
and when still muddy from the flawed, the earth had dried beneath the sunlight’s clement warmth.
she brought forth countless living forms.
while some were the old sorts that earth had now restored.
Unknown Speaker17:18She also fashion shapes not seen before.
Recordings for Myth and Ritual Noah- Shared screen with speaker view
Betsy Perabo00:02Very end of any introduction to mythology. Page 1, 99. The flood story from Genesis.
when men began to multiply on the face of the earth. and daughters were born to them. The sons of God saw that the daughters of men were fair.
and they took to wife such of them as they chose.
Then the Lord said, My spirit shall not abide in man for ever. for he is flesh. but his days shall be a hundred 20 years.
The Nephalm were on the earth those days, and also afterward.
when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men. and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men
that were of all the men of renown.
The Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth.
and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
and the Lord was sorry that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. So the Lord said, I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the ground
man and beast, and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them. But Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord.
these are the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his generation. Noah walked with God.
and Noah had 3 sons, Shem, Ham, and Japan. Now the earth was corrupt in God’s sight.
and the earth was filled with violence, and God saw the earth, and behold, it was corrupt.
for all flesh had corrupted their way upon the earth. and God said to Noah, I have determined to make an end of all flesh.
for the earth is filled with violence through them. Behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Make yourself an arc of gopher wood, make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and out with pitch.
This is how you were to make it the length of the arc, 300 cubits its breadth 50 cubits, and its height 30 cubits. Make a roof for the ark, and finish it to a cubit above, and set the door of the ark in its side.
make it with lower, second and third decks, for behold, I will bring a flood of waters on the earth to destroy all flesh which is the breath of life from under heaven.
and everything that is on the earth shall die.
But I will establish my covenant with you, and you shall come into the art, you, your sons, your wife and your sons, wives with you.
and of every living thing of all flesh. You shall bring 2 of every sort into the ark to keep them alive with you. They shall be male and female
of the birds, according to their kinds, and of the animals, according to their kinds of every creeping thing of the ground according to its kind. 2 of its short shall come into you to keep them alive.
and also take with you every sort of food that is eaten and store it up, and it shall serve as food for you and for them.
Noah did this. He did all that the Lord had commanded him.
Then the Lord said to Noah, Go into the ark, you and all your household, for I have seen that you were righteous before me in this generation.
Take with you 7 pairs of all clean animals, the male and his mate, and a pair of the animals that are also not clean. The male and his mate.
and 7 pairs of the birds of the air, also male and female. to keep their kind alive on the face of all the earth.
for in 7 days I will send rain upon the earth 40 days and 40 nights, and every living thing that I have made I will blot out from the face of the ground.
and Noah did all that the Lord had commanded him.
Noah was 600 years when the flood of waters came upon the earth, and Noah and his sons and his wife and his sons wives, went with him into the ark
to escape the waters of the flood
of clean animals and of animals that are not clean, and of birds, and of everything that creeps on the ground. 2 and 2, male and female, went into the ark with Noah, as God had commanded Noah.
and after 7 days the waters of the flood came upon the earth. In the sixth 100 year of Noah’s life. In the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month.
on that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were open.
and rain fell on the earth 40 days and 40 nights. On the very same day Noah and his sons, Shem and Ham, and Jaffe’s, and Noah’s wife, and the 3 wives of his sons. With them entered the ark.
They and every beast according to its kind, and all the cattle according to their kinds, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth according to its kind, and every bird according to its kind, every bird of every sort.
They went into the ark with Noah 2 and 2 of all flesh
in which there was the breath of life.
and that they that entered, male and female, of all flesh went in as God had commanded him. and the Lord shut him in.
The flood continued 40 days upon the earth, and the waters increased and bore up the earth, and it rose high above the earth.
The waters prevailed and increased greatly upon the earth, and the ark floated on the face of the waters, and the waters prevailed so mightily upon the earth that all the high mountains under the whole heaven were covered.
The waters prevailed above the mountains, covering them 15 cubits deep, and all flesh died that moved upon the earth. Birds, cattle, beasts, all swarming creatures that swarm upon the earth, and every man
everything on the dry land, in whose nostrils was the breath of life, died.
He blotted out every living thing that was upon the face of the ground. Man and animals and creeping things and birds of the air. They were blotted out from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those that were with him in the ark, and the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred 50 days.
But God remembered Noah, and all the beasts of the and all the cattle that were with him in the ark. and God made a wind blow over the earth, and the waters subsided.
The fountains of the deep, and the windows of the heaven were closed, the rain from the heavens was restrained, and the waters receded from the earth continually.
At the end of a hundred 50 days the waters had abated, and in the seventh month, seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came to rest on the mountains of Arara.
and the waters continued to abate until the tenth month. In the tenth month. On the first day of the month the tops of the mountains were seen.
At the end of 40 days Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made, and sent forth a raven. It went to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth.
Then he sent forth a dove from him to see if the waters had subsided from the face of the ground, but the dove found no place to set her foot, and she returned to him to the ark, for the waters were still on the face of the whole earth.
So he put forth his hand and took her, and brought her into the ark with him. He waited another 7 days.
and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark.
and the dove came back to him in the evening, and low in her mouth a freshly plucked olive leaf, so that so no one knew that the waters had subsided from the earth.
Then he waited another 7 days, and sent forth a dove, and she did not return to him anymore.
In the 600 and first year in the first month, the first day of the month the waters were dried off from the earth, and Noah removed the covering of the ark and looked, and behold, the face of the ground was dry.
In the second month, on the 20 seventh day of the month the earth was dry. Then God said to Noah, Go forth from the ark, you and your wife, and your sons and your sons, wives with you.
bring forth with you every living thing that is with you, of all flesh, birds, and animals, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, so that they may breed abundantly on the earth, and fruitful and multiply upon the earth.
So Noah went forth his sons and his wife and his sons, wives with him
and every beast, every creeping thing, and every bird, everything that moves upon the earth, went forth by families out of the ark.
Then Noah built an altar to the Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
and when the Lord smelled the pleasing odour, the Lord said in his heart, I will never again curse the ground because of man. for the imagined imagination of man’s heart is evil from his youth.
neither will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done
while the earth remains seed time and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night shall not cease.
and God blessed Noah and his sons intent to them be fruitful, and multiply and fill the earth. The fear of you, and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth.
and upon every bird of the air. upon everything that creeps on the ground, and all the fish of the sea into your hand they are delivered every moving thing that lives shall be good for you, and as I gave you the green plants I give you everything.
only you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is its blood for your lifeblood I surely will require a reckon of every beast. I will require it, and of man.
of every man’s brother. I will require the life of man. Whoever sheds the blood of man by man shall his blood be shed.
for God made man in his own image.
and you be fruitful and multiply, bring forth abundantly on the earth, and multiply it.
Then God said to Noah and his sons with him, Behold, I establish my covenant with you, and the descendants after you.
and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you, as many came out of the ark.
I will establish my covenant with you, that never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of flood. and never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth. And God said, This is the sign of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you for all future generations.
I set my bow into the cloud, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and the earth. When I bring clouds over the earth, and the bow is seen in the clouds, I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you, and every living cl creature of all flesh
and the waters will never again become a flood to destroy all flesh
when the bow is in the clouds, I will look upon it, and remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth. God said to Noah, This is the sign of the covenant which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth.
The sons of Noah, who went forth from the ark, were Shem, Am. And Japheth Ham was the father of Canaan. These 3 were the sons of Noah. and from these the whole earth was peopled.
Noah was the first tiller of the soil. He planted a vineyard, and he drank of the wine and became drunk and lay uncovered in his tent. and Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his 2 brothers outside.
Then Sham and Japheth took a garment, laid it both upon their shoulders, and walked backward and covered the nakedness of their father.
Their faces were turned away, and they did not see their father’s nakedness.
When Noah awoke from his wine and knew what his youngest son had done to him, he said, First be Canaan.
a slave of slaves shall he be to his brothers. He also said, Blessed by the Lord, be my God, be Shem, and let Canaan be his slave.
God enlarged atheth, and let him dwell in the tents of sham, and let Canaan be his slave.
After the flood. Noah lived 350 years. All the days of Noah were 950 years.
and he died.
Ragnarok (starts on 206)
Betsy Perabo00:01Fromury and Divini’s introduction to mythology. Page 206, a selection from Red Rock.
Then Gunleari asked. What is the way from earth to heaven. Then high, one answered, laughing.
No one, well informed, would ask such a question. Have you never been told that the gods build a bridge, built a bridge from earth to heaven, called by frost.
You have seen it, but maybe you call it the Rainbow. It has 3 colors, and is very strong.
and made with more skill and cunning than other structures.
but, strong as it is, it will break when the sons of Moose bell ride out over it to Harry. and their horses will swim over great rivers. and in this fashion they will come on the scene.
Then Ganglieri said, it doesn’t seem to me that the gods built a reliable bridge when it is going to break, and yet they can do what they will.
I once said, the gods are not to blame for this structure.
Bifrost is a good bridge, but there is nothing in the world that can be relied on when the sons of Blues fell are on the war path.
Then Glugleer said, what is there to relate about Ragnarok?
I’ve never heard tell of this before.
I once said. There are many in glad tidings to tell about it. First will come the winter
called Thimbolt, vert. Veter snow will drive from all quarters. There will be hard frosts and biting winds. The sun will be no use.
There will be 3 such winters on end, with no summer between.
Before that, however, 3 other winters will pass, accompanied by great wars throughout the entire world.
Brothers will kill each other for the sake of gain, and no one will spare father or son in manslaughter or in incest.
as it says in the Sybil’s vision. brothers will fight and kill each other. siblings do incest, men will know, misery, adulteries be multiplied.
an axe. Age, a sword, age, shields would be cloven, a wind age, a wolf age before the world’s ruin.
Then will occur what we’ll see in a great piece of news. The wolf will swallow the sun, and that will seem a great disaster to men. Then another wolf will seize the moon, and that one, too, will do great harm.
The stars will disappear from heaven, and this will come to pass. The whole surface of the earth and the mountains will tremble so violently that trees will be uprooted from the ground, mountains will crash down, and all fetters and ponds will be snapped and severed.
The wolf fen rear will get loose. Then the sea will lash against the land, because the Midgard’s serpent is writhing in giant fury. Trying to come ashore.
At that time, too, the ship known as Numpar
will become free. It is made of dead men’s nails. So it is worth warning you that if any one dies with his nails uncut.
he will greatly increase the material for that ship which both gods and men devoutly hope will take a long time building the wolf fen rear will advance with his wide open mouth. His upper jaw against the sky
is lower on the earth. It would gape more widely still if there were room.
and his eyes and nostrils will blaze with fire. The Midgard serpent will blow so much poison that the whole sky and sea will be spattered with it. He is most terrible, and will be on the other side of the wolf.
In this din the sky will be rent asunder, and the sons of Moosevel ride forth from it. Search will ride first, and with him fire blazing before both before and behind.
has a very good sword, and it shines more brightly than the sun when they ride over by frost. However, as had been said before, that bridge will break. the sons of Moosebell will push forward to the plain called Vigrid.
and the wolf Fenrier, and the mid card serpent will go there too. Loki and Brim, with all the frost giants, will also be there by them, and all the family of hell will accompany Loki.
The sons of Moose Bell, however, will form a host in themselves, and that a very bright one. The plane vigrid is a hundred 20 leagues in every direction.
When those things are happening, Heimdel will stand up and blow a great blast on the horn, Joel, and awaken all the gods, and they will hold an assembly.
Then Odin will ride to Mimir’s spring and ask Mimir advice for himself and his company. the Ashgu Zitzer will tremble, and nothing in heaven or earth will be free from fear.
The Assir and all the Einherdar will arm themselves and press forward on to the plain.
Odin will ride first in a helmet of gold and a beautiful coat of mail with his spear Gungnir, and he will make for the wolf than rear.
Thor will advance at his side, but we will be unable to help him, because he will have his hands full fighting the Mid guard serpent.
Frey will fight against search, and it will be a hard conflict before Frey falls. The loss of the good sword that he gave to Skeernear will bring about his death. Then the hound Garm, which was bound in front of Liparo, will also get free, for he is the worst sort of monster
he will battle with tear, and each will kill the other. Thor will slay the Midgard’s serpent, but stagger back only 9 paces before he falls down dead on account of the poison blown on him by the serpent.
The wolf will swallow Odin, and that will be his death. Immediately afterwards, however, Vidar will stride forward and place one foot on the lower jaw of the wolf.
On this foot he will be wearing the shoe which has been in the making since the beginning of time. It consists of the strips of leathermen pair off at the toes and heels of their shoes.
and for this reason people who want to help the esser must throw away these strips.
Vidar will take the wolf’s upper jaw in one hand and tear his throat asunder, and that will be the wolf’s death. Loki will battle with Heimdal, and each will kill each other.
Thereupon search will fling fire over the earth and burn off the whole world.
as it says in the Sybil’s vision Heim del blows loud, his horn raise aloft.
Odin speaks with Mimir’s head. Igdostrol trembles old outspreading ash and groans as the giant gets free. Prim drives from the east, holds high his shield before him.
German gunned, writhes in giant rage. The serpent turns up, waves screaming for joy. Ghastly eagle will tear dead bodies with his beak.
From the east sails a ship from the sea will come. The people of Moose fell with Loki as Pilate.
All sons of fiends are rowing with Fenrier with them on this voyage is Bailey’s brother.
Then occurs Lynn’s second grief. When Odin goes to fight the wolf.
and Billy’s pain turns fare on search. then will freeze. Beloved die
to fight. The wolf goes over the sun. Vidar is on his way, sword in hand, he will Kierse, the heart of Edwin’s son.
Thus is his sire avenged. The famous son of earth falls back fainting from the serpent, fearing not attack. all mankind must abandon home. When Midgard’s buckler strikes in wrath.
the sun will go, black earth sink in the sea, heaven be strapped of its bright stars. smoke, rage, and fire leaping the flame lick heaven itself.
Then gang. Larry asked, what will happen afterwards, when heaven and earth and the whole world has been burned, and all the gods are dead. and all the iron hair jar and the whole race of man.
Didn’t you say before that every one will go on living for ever in some world or other.
The third answered, there will be many good dwelling places then, and many bad.
The best place to be at that time will be gimlet in heaven. and for those that like it there is plenty of good drink in the hall called Premier that is, on Oporne. There is also an excellent hall on Nietzsche concentry. It is made of red gold.
Good and righteous men will live in these halls. On Nostra, dear, there is a large and horrible hall, whose doors face north.
It is made on the backs of serpents woven together like waddle work. with all their heads turning into the house and spewing poison. so that rivers of it run through the hall.
Perjurers and murderers weighed these rivers, as it says, here I know Hall, whose doors face north on Nostreon, far from the sun. poison drips from light in the roof. That building is woven of backs of snakes.
Their heavy streams must be waded through by breakers of pledges and murderers. But it is worst of all. In fair Delmier
there needhog the devils, the bodies of the dead.
Then Ganglion asked, Will any of the gods be living, then will there be any earth or heaven? Then
I once said, at that time the earth will rise out of the sea and be green and fair, and fields of corn will grow that will never that were never sown. Vidar and volley will be living, so neither the sea nor sorts. Fire will have done them injury, and they will inhabit idable
where Asgard used to be. and the sons of Thor Modi and Maudney will come there and possess Majolnir. After that vulgar and hard will come from hell.
They will all sit down together and converse, calling to mind their hidden lore, and talking about things that happened in the past about the Midgard serpent and the wolf fen rear.
than they will find there in the grass the golden chessmen the acere used to own.
as it is said, Vidar and Bali, when Cert’s temple has died, will dwell in the temples.
Modi and Bonnie Thor’s Majolmere will own at the end of the battle.
while the world is being burned by search in a place called Hodemir’s Wood will be concerned, concealed 2 human beings called Lift and lift Cossier.
Their food will be the morning dews, and from these men will come so great a stock that the whole world will be peopled, as it says. Here.
lift and lift flossier and hood mirrors. Wood will be hidden in the morning dews their food and drink.
From thence will come then, after that.
and if you think this strange, but the son will have borne a daughter no less lovely than herself.
and she will follow the paths of her mother, as it says here.
glory of elves to a girl will give birth before Fenrier overtakes her. When the gods are dead she will pursue the paths of her mother.
And now, if you have anything more to ask, I can’t think how you can manage it. for I have never heard any one tell more of the story of the world. Make what use of it you can.
The next thing. Gunleary heard a tremendous noise on all sides, and turned about. and when when he had looked all around him and found that he was standing in the open air on a level plane
he saw neither home nor stronghold. Then he went on his way, and coming home to his kingdom, related the tidings he had seen and heard. and after him these stories had been handed, handed down
from one man to another.
Project/paper: Myth and Storytelling: In Weeks 5-7, students will present a myth to the class on their assigned week in audio and/or visual form (no longer than 4 minutes, 4 powerpoint slides, or the equivalent), then write a 1000-1200 word paper, due Wednesday, 3/13, 9 p.m., that builds on their presentation and other students’ responses. Details will be provided during Week 3. Since ANTH/REL 225 is a general education course, students will have the opportunity to receive substantial feedback on a draft of their paper before final submission; drafts are due by Wednesday, 2/28, 9 p.m.