For this Assignment, you will analyze observational data and chart the data of t

For this Assignment, you will analyze observational data and chart the data of three different high school students. You will visually interpret the data and write a paper containing your interpretation, including an explanation of the data and results and conclusions based on your analysis.
Review the Learning Resources for this week, including the required weekly media programs, to gain an understanding of methods for visually analyzing data. Note: It will be important for you to also take the time to review all the required media programs for this week prior to completing this Discussion.
As you review the Learning Resources, specifically focus on the data from the Assignment Data Excel spreadsheet and consider both the raw data and the charted data.
Consider the following scenario for this Assignment:
A significant percentage of U.S. students are not reaching expected proficiency in mathematics content. As a response, educators have been urged to use more evidence-based practices; however, due to the lack of readily available strategies these efforts have been thwarted. In related fields, video modeling (VM) has been successful in teaching behavioral skills through edited video clips that allow target populations to observe models successfully performing featured tasks. Stemming from Bandura’s social learning theory, the intent of VM is to increase the frequency of the modeled behavior through observational learning. The purpose of this research was to use a multiple baseline, across-participants design that featured varying baseline durations for each participant to examine the impact of VM on the math achievement of high school students. The sample included three students, ages 16–17. Student 1 had five baseline sessions, five treatment sessions, and five maintenance sessions. Student 2 had 10 baseline sessions, five treatment sessions, and five maintenance sessions. Student 3 had 13 baseline sessions, five treatment sessions, and five maintenance sessions. The dependent variable was a 10-item mathematics probe (Possible range 0–10).
Assignment (2–3 pages):
Write an analysis of the data and include the following in your paper:
Create a “Results” section as a heading to your paper.
Using visual analysis, interpret the data and draw any inferences as suggested by the data in the spreadsheet pertaining to each individual student. Use the criteria provided by Dr. Little in this week’s Visual Analysis and Interpretation media program (i.e., changes in magnitude {mean & level}, changes in trend, changes in latency, and PND).
Write your results and conclusions.
Be sure to support your Assignment with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or the internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your Assignment. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.
This week, you are asked to visually analyze data from a set of graphs you are given. Since this is the first time you may have done this, i want to provide some guidance and explain some common errors.
When we analyze data, we do this one subject at a time. Then you can draw your conclusions about the group, if there is one, at the end. You work through the elements of analysis one at a time as they are applicable (changes in magnitude {mean & level}, changes in trend, latency, stability, and PND). When you do this you want to briefly note what this information is contributing to the overall picture. For example, if you have a baseline that is very gradually sloping and then see it gets notably more dramatic after treatment, that usually indicates that the pace of behavior change has increased (assuming the slope was rising). A PND of less than 80%makes us cautious about drawing any conclusions about effectiveness. Immediacy (what you have if there is NO latency) indicates that the behavior change was immediate as opposed to delayed (latency). We know this by looking to see if the first datapoint after treatment is higher (again assuming a behavior for increase) than the last datapoint at baseline. We also look at changes in mean BUT you cannot rely solely on means. You cannot rely solely on any one element because it rarely tells the whole story. Each element tells part of the story of what happened to the behavior during the study. This doesn’t need to be listed out like this:
Subject one:
mean –
Latency-
PND –
Instead just discuss each element and bring them together to explain what happened. A couple of other notes:
Calculate PND using the intervention datapoints only, don’t combine them with baseline. You will compare the datapoints to baseline, but the calculation doesn’t include baseline datapoints. If you have 10 intervention points, you see how many did not overlap with the baseline range and divide by 10. If you have 7 non-overlapping points the 7/10=0.7 which = 70% PND.

Don’t interpret microtrends. Do not narrate that the first two points went down, then one went up, then the next one fell again. Look at the overall trend. If the data makes a perfect “V” that is still a zero trend. If the data varies around the same center line, it is a zero or near zero trend. Also, we interpret the trends at baseline and treatment separately.

Stability. Data stability/variability can be confusing. You often need to know this so you can decide if there was stable responding before the phase was changed and whether or not we can interpret the dataset. One outlier does not mean that the data was unstable. Data not being perfectly even also does not mean it is unstable. here is a simple formula. If 80% of the datapoints (4 out of 5) fall within 25% of the MEDIAN for that set of data, the data is stable. Recall that the median is NOT the mean. if your median for the treatment datapoints is 10, that means that anything between 7.5 and 12.5 is considered in the stable range. and as long 4 out of 5 points are in that range, the data is stable.