Required Reading: Pinar, W.F. (2008). Crisis, reconceptualization, international

Required Reading:
Pinar, W.F. (2008). Crisis, reconceptualization, internationalization. In F.M. Connelly, M.F. He, & J. Phillion (Eds.). The Sage handbook of curriculum and instruction (pp. 491-513). Sage Publications.
[For your “References” page at the end of the assessment, please use correct formatting for Pinar’s chapter.]
Instructions: Download this assessment and provide answers after each question. Because you have access to Pinar’s chapter while taking this assessment, please be sure to be very detailed and thorough in your responses. You must provide specific evidence from the chapter for each answer. For all direct quotes from the chapter or your paraphrases of information from the chapter, be sure to correctly cite according to APA 7th edition.
Answer the following questions:
What are the three historical moments (and the timeframes for each) that Pinar (2008) says divides the contemporary curriculum theory field in the United States?
Who is Ralph Tyler? What is the Tyler Rationale? According to Pinar (2008), how does the Tyler Rationale still impact what teachers do in classrooms today? [You may have to go to the reference reading in Understanding Curriculum (Chs. 1-4) to answer this question completely.]
What is the impact of Sputnik, according to Pinar (2008), on curriculum in schools in 1957 and now?
According to Pinar (2008), what contributions did Jerome Bruner make to our understanding of curriculum? What changes did Bruner make in his own theories about curriculum? What historical time period caused this change?
Describe the paradigmatic shift that Pinar (2008) says moves the field from curriculum development to understanding curriculum.
Pinar mentions the work of lots and lots (yes, a lot!) of curriculum scholars, and in this course, we will read several of the scholars Pinar mentions in each of the following four frames for understanding curriculum: Curriculum as Historical, Curriculum as Institutional, Curriculum as Political, and Curriculum as Autobiographical. You may read other sections of this chapter, but if you’re short on time, pay particular attention to these four.
What are two important main ideas from each of these four sections, and why did you choose these two?
Curriculum as Historical: 1) main idea #1, 2) main idea #2 AND Explain why you chose these two.
Curriculum as Political: 1) main idea #1, 2) main idea #2 AND Explain why you chose these two.
Curriculum as Autobiographical: 1) main idea #1, 2) main idea #2 AND Explain why you chose these two.
Curriculum as Institutional: 1) main idea #1, 2) main idea #2 AND Explain why you chose these two.
Pinar (2008) says that “curriculum theory is a complex, multidiscursive academic discipline devoted to understanding educational experience, focused on, but hardly limited to, the encoding of such experience in the school curriculum” (p. 502). Explain what he means here given your reading of this chapter.