Please write a draft for your essay. See the Formal Paper 2 assignment for the instructions for this essay overall. The closest you can make this to the final essay, the better.
This second formal essay is a research project where you will make an argument about a particular issue related to technology. In the first formal paper, you made an argument where you agreed or disagreed with the author of one of our assigned readings. Here, you will make your own argument about the particular topic you have chosen. Let’s say you want to write about self-driving cars. Your argument could be something on the order of save vs. not safe; a particular kind of technology linking the cars vs. another kind of technology; special cars vs. modifying older cars. Of course, you can do more complex versions of this and work through shades of gray. The argument can also be more abstract or philosophical.
The key thing is to make this an argument not an opinion piece or a report. Do this by using the argument technique of going from one idea to another with a “however” in the middle to show the transition. Then use the body paragraphs to back up your claim with evidence. The short argument assignment asked you to do this in four sentences, two for each side. This time, use the first paragraph of your paper to do one side and the second paragraph to do the other. This second paragraph is your thesis, what you want to argue. If you did the safe vs. not safe issue with self-driving cars and you wanted to argue “unsafe,” you would write the first paragraph arguing that they are safe—and then turn it around in the second paragraph about why they are unsafe. The rest of the paper would support the “unsafe” thesis with evidence gleaned from your research.
I realize that it may seem odd to start the paper in this manner. One of the most popular textbooks for academic writing, Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein Graff’s They Say, I Say, is based on this model. Another excellent textbook, David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen’s Writing Analytically calls this model “Seems to be About X, But Could Also Be (Or Is ‘Really’) About Y.” So, yes, even though it seems unusual, this is very standard for academic writing. You may be asked in the future to put both sides in the same paragraph with the “however” in the middle. This is a fine way to do it. So that you have a bit more space to practice this technique, though, we are arranging the introduction for this paper as two paragraphs. They Say, I Say and Writing Analytically are great for future reference, and very inexpensive used copies can be found online. What we are doing here is at the core of these books and many other writing textbooks as well.
This paper should be a minimum of 3,000 words.
Introduction
The introduction consists of the two paragraphs described above. One for the counter-argument, the second for the argument that the paper will make.
The body of the paper and the conclusion are on the same principles as the first paper. For your reference, I am including those instructions here.
Body
The best way to think about this part of the essay is that you want to bring your reader through the evidence in a logical way. This may be accomplished by dividing the body paragraphs into sections, for example, three sections where each one explains a part of the evidence and then the paragraphs within each section explain that section’s component parts. There are no set number of sections or paragraphs. Make sure to give each paragraph a topic sentence; in other words, the first sentence of each body paragraph should announce the point that paragraph is making. It is generally best to have 1-3 pieces of evidence per paragraph. Use MLA style to cite the sources.
Conclusion
There are two options for the conclusion. The first is to summarize the paper and re-explain the main point in light of the evidence presented. The second option is to open the paper up to a wider discussion about the topic . If the essay is pretty straightforward in terms of the logical progression of the paragraphs, it is a good idea to loosen up the conclusion by using the second option. If the essay takes a series of logical steps that could use clarification, then the tighter, more summary version of the conclusion would be best. The conclusion should be one paragraph.
General Tips
Since the paper is submitted in the text box, it is best to write it with a Word processor and then paste the text into the window. Then give the essay clean formatting with a standard font. Provide a creative title for your essay. Since the essay is being submitted in this manner as text, there are some differences in formatting than a standard essay. While a standard essay is double-spaced, this is single-spaced. A standard essay would indent each body paragraph, but here do not indent–just keep everything left-justified. Also, do not put extra space between paragraphs. Each paragraph should be approximately five sentences. Four to seven sentences is a good range.
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