PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: 3 case study questions) Utilizing the Case Study Template, prov

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: 3 case study questions)
Utilizing the Case Study Template, provide your responses to the case study questions listed below.
You must use at least one scholarly reference to provide pathophysiology statements. For this class, use of the textbook for pathophysiology statements is acceptable. You may also use an appropriate evidence-based journal.
You must use the Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) for the management of allergic rhinitis to answer the treatment recommendation questions. The guideline can be found at the following web address: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0194599814561600.You may also use a medication administration reference such as Epocrates to provide medication names.
Proper APA format (in-text citations, reference page, spelling, English language, and grammar) must be used.
Case Study Scenario 1
A 35-year-old woman presents to the primary care office with a history of nasal congestion that has worsened over time and recurrent sinus infections. She considered herself healthy until about 12 months ago when she began experiencing rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal stuffiness that ″seems to never go away″. She noticed that her rhinorrhea greatly improved when she attended her family reunion on a two-week Caribbean cruise but returned after being home a few days. She lives with her husband and 5- year-old child. They have two household pets: a dog that has lived with them for the last 4 years and a cat who joined the family 1 year ago. Upon exam, the NP observed eyelid redness and swelling, conjunctival swelling and erythema, allergic shiners (lower lid venous swelling), Allergic crease (lateral crease on the nose) and inflamed nares.
Case Study Questions
Pathophysiology & Clinical Findings of the Disease
Identify the correct hypersensitivity reaction.
Explain the pathophysiology associated with the chosen hypersensitivity reaction.
Identify at least three subjective findings from the case.
Identify at least three objective findings from the case.
Case Scenario 2
A 72-year-old male presents to the primary care office with shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. He reports that he stopped engaging in his daily walk with friends three weeks ago because of shortness of breath that became worse with activity. He decided to come to the office today because he is now propping up on at least 3 pillows at night to sleep. He tells the NP that he sometimes sleeps better in his recliner chair. PMH includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia and Type 2 diabetes.
Physical Exam:
BP 106/74 mmHg, Heart rate 110 beats per minute (bpm)
HEENT: Unremarkable
Lungs: Fine inspiratory crackles bilateral bases
Cardiac: S1 and S2 regular, rate and rhythm; presence of 3rd heart sound; jugular venous distention. Bilateral pretibial and ankle 2+pitting edema noted
ECG: Sinus rhythm at 110 bpm
Echocardiogram: decreased wall motion of the anterior wall of the heart and an ejection fraction of 25%
Diagnosis: Heart failure, secondary to silent MI
Discussion Questions
Differentiate between systolic and diastolic heart failure.
State whether the patient is in systolic or diastolic heart failure.
Explain the pathophysiology associated with each of the following symptoms: dyspnea on exertion, pitting edema, jugular vein distention, and orthopnea.
Explain the significance of the presence of a 3rd heart sound and ejection fraction of 25%.
Case Study Scenario 3
Utilizing the Case Study Template, provide your re. sponses to the case study questions listed below
Chief Complaint
A.C., is a 61-year old male with complaints of shortness of breath.
History of Present Illness
A.C. was seen in the emergency room 1 week ago for an acute onset of mid-sternal chest pain. The event was preceded with complaints of fatigue and increasing dyspnea for 3 months, for which he did not seek care. He was evaluated by cardiology and underwent a successful and uneventful angioplasty prior to discharge. Despite the intervention, the shortness of breath has not improved. Since starting cardiac rehabilitation, he feels that his breathlessness is worse. The cardiologist has requested that you, his primary care provider, evaluate him for further work-up. Prior to today, his last visit with your practice was 3 years ago when he was seen for acute bronchitis and smoking cessation counseling.
Past Medical History 
Hypertension 
Hyperlipidemia 
Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
Smoker
Family History
Father deceased of acute coronary syndrome at age 65
Mother deceased of breast cancer at age 58. 
One sister, alive, who is a 5 year breast cancer survivor.
One son and one daughter with no significant medical history. 
Social History
35 pack-year smoking history; he has cut down to one cigarette at bedtime following his cardiac intervention. 
Denies alcohol or recreational drug use 
Real estate agent  
Allergies
No Known Drug Allergies 
Medications
Rosuvastatin 20 mg once daily by mouth 
Carvedilol 25 mg twice daily by mouth
Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg once daily by mouth
Aspirin 81mg daily by mouth
Review of Systems
Constitutional: Denies fever, chills or weight loss. + Fatigue.
HEENT: Denies nasal congestion, rhinorrhea or sore throat.  
Chest: + dyspnea with exertion. Denies productive cough or wheezing. + Dry, nonproductive cough in the AM.
Heart: Denies chest pain, chest pressure or palpitations.
Lymph: Denies lymph node swelling.
General Physical Exam  
Constitutional: Alert and oriented male in no apparent distress.  
Vital Signs: BP-120/84, T-97.9 F, P-62, RR-22, SaO2: 93% 
Wt. 180 lbs., Ht. 5′9″
HEENT 
Eyes: Pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation, normal conjunctiva. 
Ears: Tympanic membranes intact. 
Nose: Bilateral nasal turbinates without redness or swelling. Nares patent. 
Mouth: Oropharynx clear. No mouth lesions. Dentures well-fitting. Oral mucous membranes dry. 
Neck/Lymph Nodes 
Neck supple without JVD. 
No lymphadenopathy, masses or carotid bruits. 
Lungs 
Bilateral breath sounds clear throughout lung fields. + Bilaterally wheezes noted with forced exhalation along with a prolonged expiratory phase. No intercostal retractions.
Heart 
S1 and S2 regular rate and rhythm, no rubs or murmurs. 
Integumentary System 
Skin cool, pale and dry. Nail beds pink without clubbing.  
Chest X-Ray 
Lungs are hyper-inflated bilaterally with a flattened diaphragm. No effusions or infiltrates.
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