The below post for a student of my class. I need a peer response of 150 words AP

The below post for a student of my class. I need a peer response of 150 words APA , include referenes and citations no older than 5 years
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1.Describe the Dual Process Theory and Reasoning Process and how it applies to making decisions for the advanced practice nurse.
Dual process theory is a model of human cognition that proposes that there are two distinct systems involved in decision-making: System 1 and System 2. System 1 is a fast, intuitive system that relies on heuristics and biases. System 2 is a slower, more deliberate system that relies on logic and reasoning(Djulbegovic et al. 2012).
The reasoning process for APNs is similar to the dual process model. In the initial stages of assessment, APNs use System 1 to quickly identify potential diagnoses. This is often done by using heuristics, which are mental shortcuts that allow us to make decisions quickly and efficiently. For example, if a patient presents with chest pain, an APN might quickly consider the most common causes of chest pain, such as a heart attack or a panic attack(Monteiro et al., 2019) .
Once potential diagnoses have been identified, APNs then use System 2 to more carefully consider the evidence and make a final decision. This involves gathering more information, such as the patient’s history and physical exam findings. It also involves using logic and reasoning to weigh the evidence and make a decision that is most likely correct(Djulbegovic et al. 2012).
2. What are cognitive dispositions to respond? How are these applied in the APN setting.
Cognitive dispositions to respond are tendencies to respond to certain stimuli in certain ways. For example, someone who is disposed to be anxious may be more likely to interpret ambiguous information as threatening.
In the APN setting, cognitive dispositions to respond can be applied in a number of ways. For example, an APN who is disposed to be anxious may be more likely to order unnecessary tests or procedures. They may also be more likely to miss subtle signs of illness.
It is important for APNs to be aware of their own cognitive dispositions to respond so that they can avoid making biased decisions. One way to do this is to regularly reflect on their own decision-making process. APNs can also ask for feedback from colleagues or mentors(Pierret 2016 ).
3. Describe cognitive debiasing?
Cognitive debiasing is the process of reducing or eliminating cognitive biases. Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that can lead to poor decision-making.
There are a number of different techniques that can be used for cognitive debiasing. Some common techniques include:
Awareness: The first step to cognitive debiasing is to be aware of the existence of cognitive biases. Once you are aware of the biases, you can start to look for them in your own thinking.
Critical thinking: Critical thinking involves evaluating the evidence carefully and objectively. This can help you to avoid making decisions based on intuition or emotion.
Seeking out diverse perspectives: When making a decision, it is important to consider a variety of perspectives. This can help you to avoid being influenced by your own biases.
Monitoring your own thinking: It is also important to monitor your own thinking for signs of bias. If you notice that you are making a decision based on your intuition or emotion, take a step back and try to evaluate the evidence more objectively(Pierret 2016 ).
4. Describe how Type 1 (System 1) and Type 2 (System 2) processes and strategies can be applied to each case to help the NP make decisions and to decrease potential diagnostic error?
In Case 1, the NP could have used Type 1 processing to quickly identify the patient’s symptoms as consistent with gallbladder disease. However, the NP should have also used Type 2 processing to gather more information and rule out other possible diagnoses, such as a pulmonary embolism.
In Case 2, the NP could have used Type 1 processing to quickly diagnose the patient with the flu. However, the NP should have also used Type 2 processing to consider other possible diagnoses, such as viral meningitis(Djulbegovic et al. 2012).
By using both Type 1 and Type 2 processing, NPs can make more accurate diagnoses and reduce the risk of diagnostic error.
5. What considerations for change to practice should the NP consider in each situation as a way to decrease the chance of future diagnostic and care decisions.
In Case 1, the NP should consider adding a question about testosterone use to the patient’s history. This would have helped the NP to consider the possibility of a pulmonary embolism.
In Case 2, the NP should consider ordering a more sensitive test for the flu, such as a PCR test. This would have helped the NP to rule out the flu more definitively.
By making changes to their practice, NPs can reduce the risk of diagnostic error and provide better care for their patients(Tsalatsanis et al., 2015).