Expectations(Jagdeep) Length: A minimum of 180 words, not including references C

Expectations(Jagdeep)
Length: A minimum of 180 words, not including references
Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years (Different reference from the original post)
This case describes a 64 y/o obese female who is here for a routine medication check. She has a diagnosis of hyperlipidemia and her lab values are: HDL 79, LDL 250, Triglycerides 210.
Poiseuille Law refers to how the flow is related to perfusion pressure, radius, length, and viscosity. In this equation, the flow assumes long, straight tubes, while in the body this is not the case. There is a clear relationship between the vessel diameter on the resistance and flow (Klabunde, 2022). On the other hand, Ohm’s law can be applied to cardiac output and vessel compliance and how that affects blood flow. Ohm’s law refers to fluid flow and it is represented by the equation Q which is the flow equals to the change in pressure divided by the resistance. This equation states that to increase blood flow, either the pressure difference can be increased such as the cardiac force, or the systemic vascular resistance can be decreased which can be done by dilating blood vessels. The size and shape of the blood vessels has an impact on the blood flow. If the blood vessels are narrow, this increases resistance (Pollock, et al., 2023).
The main classes of lipoproteins include chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, intermediate-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins or HDL. Chylomicrons have a high triglyceride level while high-density lipoproteins have the fewest amount. LDL and HDL play a significant role in cardiovascular injury. High density lipoproteins are termed as the good cholesterol since they aid in removing some of the cholesterol from the bloodstream. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes the arterial wall to become thick and hard. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include stress, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Negative risk factors also include an increased amount of high HDL cholesterol so there is an inverse relationship between HDL and atherosclerosis. As HDL increases, there is a decreased risk of atherosclerosis while a low HDL level can increase risk for atherosclerosis (Dlugasch & Story, 2021).
Arteriosclerosis refers to arteries when they harden and it can be caused by aging, and chronic hypertension. Arteriosclerosis can lead to many health problems such as cardiovascular problems, chronic kidney disease, vascular dementia and Alzheimier’s disease. Arteriosclerosis can be associated with atherosclerosis but it is distinct since it affects the arterial wall (Mitchell & Powell, 2020).
The lab results for the patient are as follows: HDL 79, LDL 250, Triglycerides 210. HDL is known as high-density lipoproteins and it is a good cholesterol since it aids in removing some of the cholesterol from the bloodstream. The normal levels of HDL should be greater or equal to 40. The patient’s HDL is 79 so it is normal. The LDL is known as low density lipoproteins and it consists of small, dense molecules that are harmful to the body. The normal LDL is less than 100 and the patient’s LDL level was 260 which is high. Triglycerides are fats in the blood and they are mainly stored in the adipose tissue. Fats can either be unsaturated or saturated. Normal triglyceride levels are less than 150 so the patient’s triglyceride levels are high (Dlugasch & Story, 2021).
References
Dlugasch, L. & Story, L. (2021). Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Jones & Bartlett, MA. ISBN 9781284150452
Klabunde, R. E. (2022). Determinants of Resistance to Flow (Poiseuille’s Equation). Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. https://cvphysiology.com/hemodynamics/h003
Mitchell, G. F., & Powell, J. T. (2020). Arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 40(5), 1025–1027. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314208
Pollock J.D., Murray I.V., Bordes S.J., & Makaryus, A. N. (2023).Physiology, Cardiovascular Hemodynamics. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470310/