Define and discuss the four common denominators of all organizations,

Define and discuss the four common denominators of all organizations, and provide an example for each component.
What is the difference between an open and closed system?  Provide an example for each system.
Please include a introduction, and for the middle paragraphs a well thought out critical analysis of the information you are presenting providing examples and incorporating your perspective. And then providing a solid conclusion with the references at the end.