Category: Writing

Discussion Introduction
What does it mean to think about racism in philosophical terms? The answer depends, in part, on what aspect of the concept is at issue. Some theorists think about the moral dimensions of racism, some think about the ways that laws codify or institutionalize racism, and some think about the nature of racism as such. (It’s true that there are points of contact across all three of the topics I mentioned, but there are also distinctions. It’s also true that I’ve only hinted at the breadth and depth of what philosophers have to say about it.)
What does it mean to think about racism in institutional terms? Part of the answer puzzles me, mainly because I don’t think institutions are real in the same way that individuals are — and anyway, there aren’t institutions without individuals to create, sustain, reform, or dismantle them. In any case, Michelle Alexander’s work, The New Jim CrowLinks to an external site., provides an excellent example of what we’re talking about when we’re talking about institutional racism, where laws, policies, agencies, and organizations bring to bear their formal authority on the perpetuation of subjugating groups of people.
Before we move on to the prompt choices for this week’s discussion, I must mention that the history of the United States is fraught with racism. We won’t get to everything we should. It’s a really big and complicated history, but also worthwhile for us to pursue. I hope what we’re doing gives us either a start on that process, gives us new ways of thinking about racism, or provides clarity on existing ideas.
Read on for the instructions!
General Instructions
Please consult the Discussion Forum Rubric for some general writing guidelines.
Think of all your discussion work as part of your essay exam preparation. Interacting with the text, your classmates, and me should aid the development of your understanding of the material, as well as provide you with practice articulating your thinking about the text.
Pay attention to spelling and grammar, which are essential tools for doing philosophy. Precision in word choices and sentence structures also aid in the clear and coherent presentation of ideas and arguments
You should write your post in a Word (or similar) document, so that you have a saved copy. (We have access to Word and cloud saving through the SIS!) When you’re ready to post, you can copy and paste into the discussion field.
Your original post should be roughly 350 words.
Your peer response should be roughly 500 words.
Part I Instructions and Prompt
In this discussion, be sure to focus on explicating your chosen thinker’s reasoning.
Choose one of the following prompts to address (roughly 350 words):According to Appiah, on what grounds do both intrinsic and extrinsic racism fail as legitimate beliefs? On what ground does each fail in its own way?
According to Toole, why is epistemic oppression problematic? What is the connection between epistemic oppression and hermeneutical injustice?
Do NOT use ChatGPT or similar text generator in your work.
Part II
I will upload part two after part one is complete because I need to paste a classmates respose in order for you to do part two

Please note, the below study guide tips don’t represent everything that will be on the quiz, but they still should give you a good start on reviewing the material. I highly recommend reviewing them.
Write up your very own study guide for Quiz 2. The study guide can be any format
Your Module 2 study guide (and the quiz next week) will cover the following material:
Introduction to Water: Chapter 3
Cadillac Desert: Chapters 2 & 10
The DamNation Documentary
Module 2 Review Tips
What do you know about the State Water Project? The Central Valley Project? The California Water Plan? The Colorado River Delivery system? The LA Aqueduct? (Familiarity with the different water projects in CA will help you with 1/3 of the quiz!)
By how much does the maximum allowable water use allocated by water agencies exceed what’s actually available each year?
What are some problems associated with irrigation?
What percentage of water goes to irrigation?
What do you know about dams? Which dam in the US is the largest? Which is the tallest? Do you know where the O’Shaughnessy Dam is? The Hoover Dam? The Grand Coulee Dam?
How cost effective are fish hatcheries?
What do you know about the early days of Los Angeles? Mullholland?
What can you tell me about Owens Valley? Mono Lake? Owens Lake?
Why did Los Angeles target Owens Valley instead of closer sources of water?

Assignment Task
Take a look at the assigned readings for this week and pick one to journal about. For this assignment, you will write a 4-8 sentence summary of the reading, and you will also select three different pieces of evidence (passages or quotes) from the text and respond to each passage. Below is the format that you must follow for this assignment:
Author’s Name:
Title of the Reading:
Summary of the Text:
Write a 4-8 sentence summary of the entire reading. Make sure to note the most important parts of the text think about the course discussions and how the text helps us understand course concepts
Evidence
Interpretation
1. In this box, you will copy the first quote from the text that you are reading and find interesting. If the text is an image, then you will describe the text in as much detail as possible OR you can screenshot the image
1. In this box, you will offer an interpretation of the first quote. Explain why you think this quote is important, how it’s connected to class discussions, and/or list any questions that this quote brings up for you. Your interpretation should be at least 5-8 sentences long.
2. In this box, you will copy the second quote from the text that you are reading and find interesting. If the text is an image, then you will describe the text in as much detail as possible OR you can screenshot the image
2. In this box, you will offer an interpretation of the second quote. Explain why you think this quote is important, how it’s connected to class discussions, and/or list any questions that this quote brings up for you. Your interpretation should be at least 5-8 sentences long.
3. In this box, you will copy the third quote from the text that you are reading and find interesting. If the text is an image, then you will describe the text in as much detail as possible OR you can screenshot the image
3. In this box, you will offer an interpretation of the third quote. Explain why you think this quote is important, how it’s connected to class discussions, and/or list any questions that this quote brings up for you. Your interpretation should be at least 5-8 sentences long.

WHAT TO DO
Complete the Individualism vs. Collectivism questionnaire (ATTACHED) and calculate your score. (Note that, for this questionnaire, you will actually calculate two scores—one for items 1–10 and another for items 11–20—and then compare them.)
In your initial post:
Share your scores and comment on them. Did anything surprise you about your scores? Do you appear to have an individualistic or a collectivistic value tendency? Do you think your scores are accurate? Why, or why not?
Think about a situation you experienced that surfaced your individualistic or collectivistic values. Describe the situation and analyze it using this week’s concepts. How do these concepts shed light on the situation—how it came about, how it was perceived by participants, and how it played out?
Conclude your post by sharing questions or insights that have come up for you as you’ve explored the concepts of individualism and collectivism. What kinds of actions would help us assimilate more comfortably with people who are more individualist or collectivist than we are? What are global implications of this topic?

The information presented in Module Five is quite comprehensive. In order to understand and synthesize the material you will do something a bit different for this assignment. Graphic Organizers are important tools to help us understand information.
The assignment for this module is to create a Graphic Organizer that synthesizes and conveys your understanding of Module Five’s Readings (Chapter 4 and the PPT). Make sure to cover some of the different topics discussed in the Chapter and the PPT. You may need to submit more than one graphic organizer to cover a couple of these different topics.
I have attached three examples of Graphic Organizers in Module Five’s materials related to different content for your review. It is not necessary for you to follow any of these models: They are merely provided as examples.
In the upper right corner of the Graphic Organizer, please type your full name and Module Five. Center the title of the Graphic Organizer.
The assignment for Module Five should be submitted to the drop box no later than 11:59 p.m. CST.

This assignment it’s regarding to old assignment you did before
The topic is : ( Workplace discrimination leading to workplace violence )
Overview of the topic and what you plan to do (2-3 pages).
What happened before the event or subject, what terms need to be defined? What are the related issues (4-6 pages)

Assignment Task
Take a look at the assigned readings for this week and pick one to journal about. For this assignment, you will write a 4-8 sentence summary of the reading, and you will also select three different pieces of evidence (passages or quotes) from the text and respond to each passage. Below is the format that you must follow for this assignment:
Author’s Name:
Title of the Reading:
Summary of the Text:
Write a 4-8 sentence summary of the entire reading. Make sure to note the most important parts of the text think about the course discussions and how the text helps us understand course concepts
Evidence
Interpretation
1. In this box, you will copy the first quote from the text that you are reading and find interesting. If the text is an image, then you will describe the text in as much detail as possible OR you can screenshot the image
1. In this box, you will offer an interpretation of the first quote. Explain why you think this quote is important, how it’s connected to class discussions, and/or list any questions that this quote brings up for you. Your interpretation should be at least 5-8 sentences long.
2. In this box, you will copy the second quote from the text that you are reading and find interesting. If the text is an image, then you will describe the text in as much detail as possible OR you can screenshot the image
2. In this box, you will offer an interpretation of the second quote. Explain why you think this quote is important, how it’s connected to class discussions, and/or list any questions that this quote brings up for you. Your interpretation should be at least 5-8 sentences long.
3. In this box, you will copy the third quote from the text that you are reading and find interesting. If the text is an image, then you will describe the text in as much detail as possible OR you can screenshot the image
3. In this box, you will offer an interpretation of the third quote. Explain why you think this quote is important, how it’s connected to class discussions, and/or list any questions that this quote brings up for you. Your interpretation should be at least 5-8 sentences long.

WHAT TO DO
Complete the Individualism vs. Collectivism questionnaire (ATTACHED) and calculate your score. (Note that, for this questionnaire, you will actually calculate two scores—one for items 1–10 and another for items 11–20—and then compare them.)
In your initial post:
Share your scores and comment on them. Did anything surprise you about your scores? Do you appear to have an individualistic or a collectivistic value tendency? Do you think your scores are accurate? Why, or why not?
Think about a situation you experienced that surfaced your individualistic or collectivistic values. Describe the situation and analyze it using this week’s concepts. How do these concepts shed light on the situation—how it came about, how it was perceived by participants, and how it played out?
Conclude your post by sharing questions or insights that have come up for you as you’ve explored the concepts of individualism and collectivism. What kinds of actions would help us assimilate more comfortably with people who are more individualist or collectivist than we are? What are global implications of this topic?

The information presented in Module Five is quite comprehensive. In order to understand and synthesize the material you will do something a bit different for this assignment. Graphic Organizers are important tools to help us understand information.
The assignment for this module is to create a Graphic Organizer that synthesizes and conveys your understanding of Module Five’s Readings (Chapter 4 and the PPT). Make sure to cover some of the different topics discussed in the Chapter and the PPT. You may need to submit more than one graphic organizer to cover a couple of these different topics.
I have attached three examples of Graphic Organizers in Module Five’s materials related to different content for your review. It is not necessary for you to follow any of these models: They are merely provided as examples.
In the upper right corner of the Graphic Organizer, please type your full name and Module Five. Center the title of the Graphic Organizer.
The assignment for Module Five should be submitted to the drop box no later than 11:59 p.m. CST.

This assignment it’s regarding to old assignment you did before
The topic is : ( Workplace discrimination leading to workplace violence )
Overview of the topic and what you plan to do (2-3 pages).
What happened before the event or subject, what terms need to be defined? What are the related issues (4-6 pages)