Category: Statistics homework help

 
Using data visualization to better determine which measures of central tendency and spread you should use.
Using the STATES10 data set:
1. Generate measures of central tendency and spread. Report the measures of central tendency and spread, and provide a scatterplot for the following variables.  If using SPSS, provide a box plot as well. For scatterplots, place STATEID on the X-Axis.  
A. PCI_15 (Per Capita Income: 2015)
B. CRS63 (Prisoners under Sentence of Death: 2008)
C. HrtDRT17 (Heart Disease Mortality Rate: 2017)
For each of variables, report which measure of central tendency (pick 1) and spread (pick 1) do you think would work best based on the available information?
2. Using the GSS2018 dataset, what is the proper graph (scatterplot, histogram, bar chart)-make sure to provide it, and report what you think is the correct measure of central tendency. Why?
A. REALRINC (R’s Income in constant $)
B. PARTNERS5 (How many sex partner’s R has in last 5 year)
C. RELITEN (Strength of Affiliation)
3. Using the GSS2018 dataset, what is the proper graph (scatterplot, histogram, bar chart-make sure to provide it), for:
A. HAPPY (General Happiness) by SEX (Respondent’s Sex)
B. ANCESTRS (Believe in Supernatural Power of Deceased Ancestors) by SEX (Respondent’s Sex)

 
For this first exercise, go to the General Social Survey (GSS) website and download the 1980 data set for SPSS. This is the only dataset not uploaded for you.  I want to see if can find it yourself.  Let me know if you have difficulties.  
Answer the following:
1. Report the frequency and percentage results for HAPMAR statistics?  For GSS 1980 
2.  Provide the proper graph (Histogram, Bar Chart, Scatter Plot) –submit the output and you need to identify which graph you should use (word document) along with a description of what is displayed in the graph. For GSS 1980.
A.  AGE 
B.  RACE 
C.  INCOME
3.  Using the States10 data set present descriptive statistics for the following variables (I have not included which descriptive statistics you should report so I can assess students on this knowledge)-report only the measures (should be one measure of central tendency and one measure of spread) that best represent the data:
A. DMS429 (Percent of Households Headed by Married Couples, 2008)
B. ECS445 (Homeownership Rate, 2008)
C. EMS170 (State Minimum Wage Rates, 2010)

 
The program Evaluation Assignments will focus on ethical and/or practical concerns as well as provide examples of program evaluation research.
Address the following (PART 1):
1. What are the NEP/SEP research questions (Valente, 2001; Kerr et al., 2010).  Provide the properly cited direct quote for each.  Why are the questions being asked?
2. Briefly describe the sample in terms of size, important characteristics, location, and time.  
3. What are the primary dependent and independent variables? 
4. Describe how the data was collected.
5. What is the most important finding?  Was the research question answered? 
Note that syringe sharing is the common topic here. By the Program Evaluation Assignment 3 due date, submit a one-page document (single-spaced, 1” margins) that first clearly and concisely summarizes the above information along with the key findings of the study, and then (PART 2) include a discussion regarding how the behavior of the target population (as well as how target populations are defined program/politically) can impact program evaluation in general and for these particular studies; and how it can impact 1) perceptions of the NEP/SEP and 2) how the success of such programs are assessed (think bias). Be specific. 
You should also include (in general) how perceptions of the target population (did you define what is meant by this term), and how it can bias program evaluations (how they are designed and conducted, particularly of programs that serve target populations that have been negatively portrayed by politicians (and their surrogates).   Schneider and Ingram and the other supplemental readings should be integrated into this part but not just summaries–integrate the ideas or use for examples.  This latter part should be 40-50% of the paper.
The two parts should be about an equal length. Be sure to follow APA and writing academic paper guidelines.  IMPORTANT: These are not original research papers so DO NOT follow that format–you are learning to do a clear and concise summary of the research including the important points of that research.

 
MAKE SURE TO SAVE YOUR SPSS/PSPP OUTPUT AS A PDF AND TURN IN WITH YOUR RESPONSES and be sure to properly label your responses]
1) Is there a relationship between a person’s age (AGE) and the number of hours spent per day watching TV (TVHOURS)? Use the GSS 2018 data to test this relationship.
Make a prediction:
What is the mean (average) number of hours people spend watching television each day? _________
Would expect the correlation between age and television viewing to be
Negative Nonexistent Positive
Now perform the analysis and find:
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Do people tend to watch more or less TV as they age More Less
How would you explain these findings?
2A) Using the STATES10 data, perform a test to see if there is a relationship between the percent of the population that graduated high school (EDS131) and median earnings of male full-time workers (EMS168) in the state.
Summarize and interpret your findings below:
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in SPSS/PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Use the Scatterplot function under graph (Include Scatterplot here or with the output)
How would you explain these findings as part of an information strategy to lobby for additional resources to prevent high school drop-outs?  
A) How would you interpret this result without just reference to the level of significance?  What do you observe in the findings?  Be specific.
2B) How does the percent graduated (EDS131) relate to the median earnings of female full-time workers (EMS169)? Is the relationship the same as for male workers (EMS168)?
Summarize and interpret your findings below
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in SPSS/PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Include a scatterplot
How would you explain these findings?  Is there a difference?  
If, yes, what could explain any difference?  From a policy standpoint should this be a concern?
2C) Percent of the Population with a Bachelor’s Degree or More (EDS154) and Median Earnings of Female Full-Time Earnings (EMS169)Correlation       __________Significance Level   ___________Is the relationship statistically significant?   _____________From a policy standpoint what do any differences suggest should be done.  Be specific.
3) Is there a relationship between the average salary of classroom teachers (EDS125) and the percent of the population that has graduated high school (EDS131). Use the STATES10 data to test this relationship. Summarize and interpret your findings below:
Now perform the analysis and find:
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in SPSS/PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Include a scatterplot
How would you explain these findings?
Based on these results-from a policy standpoint, what could be done?

 
Make sure you read the question and use the proper data set.  Also, provide as much information so it is readily apparent what exercise and part of an exercise you are answering (and it is always a good idea to attach the output).  You might think this goes without saying but you would be surprised.  
Please respond by due date–If first post is 1 day late (-33%), 2 days late (-66%), 3 days late (no points).  Make sure you check to see if you need to respond to any question I might have for you.  PLEASE NOTE–FULL CREDIT IS GIVEN IF EVERYTHING IS CORRECT ON THE FIRST TRY. Revise and Resubmits will be marked down slightly for each resubmit
PART 1
Based on the PSPP Chi Square Distribution lecture answer the following question
Using the GSS2008 data, examine the relationship between attitudes toward the level of national assistance for childcare (NATCHILD) and the sex of the respondent (SEX). Fill in the following information:
Now perform the analysis with PSPP and find (You need to go to Analyze, Descriptives, Crosstabs–click.  Enter in the appropriate variables–click on statistics on the dialogue box where you enter the variables (for row, column) and make sure the chisq box is checked.)
Percentage of men (out of only men) stating the current level is too little ________________________
Percentage of women (out of only women) stating the current level is too little ________________________
Chi Square significance level ________________________ (Pearson Chi Square Sig)
Is the relationship statistically significant YES NO
How would interpret this result? What might explain why there is or is not a significant difference in the means between the two groups (male and female). The null hypothesis for the Chi Square test is that there is no difference between the mean percentages of the various groups or categories. So, if the result is significant, we can reject (rather than confirm) the null hypothesis and indicate that there is a significant difference.
How would you describe the practical meaning of statistically significant to a group of managers with no experience with statistics or research methods?
PART 2
Using the GSS2012 data, examine the relationship between sex (SEX) and the belief that a woman will not get a job or promotion over a man (DISCAFFW).
Fill in the following information: 
Make a prediction
What percent of Americans believe women are less likely to get a job or promoted over a man:
                                                                                                                        ___________
Do you think males and females vary on their perspectives on this issue?                          YES    NO
Now perform the analysis with PSPP and find (Remember how to read a table!):
Percentage of men (out of only men) saying “Somewhat Likely”                              __________________
Percentage of women (out of only women) saying “Somewhat Likely”                          __________________
Chi Square significance level         __________________
Is the relationship statistically significant                                        YES     NO
How would interpret this result?  In other words, what might explain why there is or is not a difference between the groups.  Do not just restate the statistics without any interpretation. 
What do the results suggest about perceptions of Affirmative Action?
Attach the SPSS/PSPP data all images 

 
Read the article “Managing Marijuana: The Role of Data-Driven Regulation” and the following:
https://ascend.aspeninstitute.org/an-evidence-based-approach-to-child-support/
48.Aspx
Podcast: Privacy and Predictions
1. What did you find most interesting related to the use of data in the articles and podcasts?
2. Collecting information about people is part of any program evaluation.  Whether it is a needs assessment (Royse, Thyer, and Padgett) or outcome evaluation, how people need, want, and use a program is of immense interest to a variety of political actors.  
Question: What considerations should a program evaluator take to keep the identities of individuals private?  

 
For this first exercise, go to the General Social Survey (GSS) website and download the 1980 data set for SPSS. This is the only dataset not uploaded for you.  I want to see if can find it yourself.  Let me know if you have difficulties.  
Answer the following:
1. Report the frequency and percentage results for HAPMAR statistics?  For GSS 1980 
2.  Provide the proper graph (Histogram, Bar Chart, Scatter Plot) –submit the output and you need to identify which graph you should use (word document) along with a description of what is displayed in the graph. For GSS 1980.
A.  AGE 
B.  RACE 
C.  INCOME
3.  Using the States10 data set present descriptive statistics for the following variables (I have not included which descriptive statistics you should report so I can assess students on this knowledge)-report only the measures (should be one measure of central tendency and one measure of spread) that best represent the data:
A. DMS429 (Percent of Households Headed by Married Couples, 2008)
B. ECS445 (Homeownership Rate, 2008)
C. EMS170 (State Minimum Wage Rates, 2010)

 
MAKE SURE TO SAVE YOUR SPSS/PSPP OUTPUT AS A PDF AND TURN IN WITH YOUR RESPONSES and be sure to properly label your responses]
1) Is there a relationship between a person’s age (AGE) and the number of hours spent per day watching TV (TVHOURS)? Use the GSS 2018 data to test this relationship.
Make a prediction:
What is the mean (average) number of hours people spend watching television each day? _________
Would expect the correlation between age and television viewing to be
Negative Nonexistent Positive
Now perform the analysis and find:
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Do people tend to watch more or less TV as they age More Less
How would you explain these findings?
2A) Using the STATES10 data, perform a test to see if there is a relationship between the percent of the population that graduated high school (EDS131) and median earnings of male full-time workers (EMS168) in the state.
Summarize and interpret your findings below:
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in SPSS/PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Use the Scatterplot function under graph (Include Scatterplot here or with the output)
How would you explain these findings as part of an information strategy to lobby for additional resources to prevent high school drop-outs?  
A) How would you interpret this result without just reference to the level of significance?  What do you observe in the findings?  Be specific.
2B) How does the percent graduated (EDS131) relate to the median earnings of female full-time workers (EMS169)? Is the relationship the same as for male workers (EMS168)?
Summarize and interpret your findings below
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in SPSS/PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Include a scatterplot
How would you explain these findings?  Is there a difference?  
If, yes, what could explain any difference?  From a policy standpoint should this be a concern?
2C) Percent of the Population with a Bachelor’s Degree or More (EDS154) and Median Earnings of Female Full-Time Earnings (EMS169)Correlation       __________Significance Level   ___________Is the relationship statistically significant?   _____________From a policy standpoint what do any differences suggest should be done.  Be specific.
3) Is there a relationship between the average salary of classroom teachers (EDS125) and the percent of the population that has graduated high school (EDS131). Use the STATES10 data to test this relationship. Summarize and interpret your findings below:
Now perform the analysis and find:
Correlation __________________ (Pearson’s)
Significance Level __________________ (as stated in SPSS/PSPP output below the correlation coefficient )
Is the relationship statistically significant? Yes No
Include a scatterplot
How would you explain these findings?
Based on these results-from a policy standpoint, what could be done?
IMPORTANT: After you have submitted your assignment the answers will be made available below.  If you have any responses that are incorrect, resubmit your corrected responses along with explanations of what you did incorrectly no later than two days after the due date.

 
1) You will report the information listed below for both the GSS 2012 & GSS 2018 data sets: Examine the relationship between attitudes toward the level of national assistance for childcare (NATCHILD) and the sex of the respondent (SEX). Fill in the following information:
Make a prediction
What percent of Americans believe we spend too little for childcare? ________________
Do you think men and women vary on their perspectives on this issue?
YES         NO
Now perform the analysis and report the requested information  (Use a cross tab and remember the chi square is to determine if there is a significant difference in the percentages between group/categories that could not be credited to chance:                      
         2012/2018
Percentage of men (out of only men) stating the current level is too little ___________/_____________
Percentage of women  (out of only women) stating the current level is too little _________/_______________
Chi Square significance level __________/______________
Make sure you are reporting the level of significance (NOT the chi-square score) as stated in the PSPP output.
Is the relationship statistically significant YES NO (2012)/YES  NO (2018)
A) How would you interpret this result beyond just reference to the level of significance?  (what do the findings suggest?  Interpret).  Do not just restate the statistics without any interpretation, and include mention of the 2008 findings in your discussion. Be sure to expand on the findings reported and do not include anything about missing data)
2) You will report the information listed below for the GSS 2018 data sets:
You will report the information listed below for the GSS 2018 data sets: Examine the relationship between race (RACE) and whether a person supports the death penalty for murder (CAPPUN), whether one ever approves of police striking a citizen (POLHITOK), and the belief that Whites are hurt by affirmative action (DISCAFF). Fill in the following information:
Make a prediction
What percent of Americans support the death penalty? __________
Do you think Whites and Blacks vary on their perspectives on this issue (CAPPUN)? YES NO
Do you think Whites and Blacks vary on their perspectives on this issue (POLHITOK)? YES NO
Now perform the analysis and find:
A) CAPPUN BY RACE
Percentage of whites (out of only whites) that disapprove:________________________
Percentage of African Americans (out of only African Americans) that disapprove  ________________________
Percent of Others (out of only Others) that disapprove ________________________
Chi Square significance level ________________________ 
Is the relationship statistically significant?
B) POLHITOK BY RACE
Percentage of whites (out of only whites) that say no:________________________
Percentage of African Americans (out of only African Americans) that say no ________________________
Percent of Others (out of only Others) that say no ________________________
Chi Square significance level ________________________
Is the relationship statistically significant? 
C)  DISCAFF BY RACE
Make a prediction
What percent of Americans believe whites are hurt by affirmative action? ___________
Do you think Whites and Blacks vary on their perspectives on this issue? YES NO
Now perform the analysis and find:
Percentage of Whites (out of only whites) saying “Somewhat likely” ______________________
Percentage of Blacks (out of only African Americans) saying “Somewhat likely”  ______________________
Percentage of others (out of only Others) saying “Somewhat likely”  ______________________­­­­­
Chi Square significance level _______________________
Report the level of significance (NOT the chi-square score) as stated in the PSPP output.
Is the relationship statistically significant YES NO
A) How would you interpret this result beyond just reference to the level of significance?  Do not just restate the statistics without any interpretation.  What do you observe in the findings- (beyond what is asked for above)-patterns? Be specific.
3) You will report the information listed below for the GSS 2018 data sets: Examine the relationship between general happiness (HAPPY) and marital status (MAR1). Fill in the following information:
Make a prediction
What percent of Americans are “very happy”? ________________
Who is the happiest? People who are (underline one):
Married Divorced Never married
Now perform the analysis and find:
Percentage of married individuals (out of only married people) who are “very happy” ________________________
Percentage of divorced individuals (out of only divorced people) who are “very happy” ________________________
Percentage of never married individuals (out of only never married people) who are “very happy” ________________________
Chi Square significance level ________________________
Report the level of significance (NOT the chi-square score) as stated in the SPSS/PSPP output.
Is the relationship statistically significant YES NO
A) How would you interpret this result without just reference to the level of significance?  Do not just restate the statistics without any interpretation. What do you observe in the findings- (beyond what is asked for above)-patterns? be specific?
4).  In the absence of performing an analysis, make a prediction: What percent of Americans view their health as either “excellent”, “good”, “fair” and “poor”?  Then use the GSS2018 data, run a frequency on HEALTH, and also create a pie chart.  Describe your findings below and explain the extent to which your predictions conformed to the findings.  What do these findings suggest about health in America?  Exclude missing cases.                  
Predicted Percent      
Excellent                      ___________                 
Good                           ___________                    
Fair                              ___________                    
Poor                            ___________
How close were your predictions?  If they differed, what do you think was the reason? 
Valid Percent      
Excellent                      ___________                 
Good                           ___________                    
Fair                              ___________                    
Poor                            ___________
Provide a PIE CHART and a BAR GRAPH:
What do these findings suggest about the state of health in America?  Policy implications given perceptions versus the reality of health in America? 
5)  Using the GSS 2018 data, examine the relationship between sex (SEX) and the belief that a woman will not get a job or promotion over a man (DISCAFFW).
Fill in the following information: 
Make a prediction
What percent of Americans believe women are less likely to get a job or promoted over a man:
                                                                                                                        ___________
Do you think males and females vary on their perspectives on this issue?                          YES    NO
Now perform the analysis and find:
Percentage of men (out of only men) saying “Very Likely”                             _____________
Percentage of women (out of only women) saying “Very Likely”                        ___________
Chi Square significance level                                                                                       __________________
Is the relationship statistically significant              YES     NO
A) How would you interpret this result without just reference to the level of significance?  Do not just restate the statistics without any interpretation.  What do you observe in the findings- (beyond what is asked for above)-patterns? Compare with the 2012 findings from the discussion. Be specific.

 
Program Evaluation Assignment 2
The program Evaluation Assignments will focus on ethical and/or practical concerns as well as provide examples of program evaluation research.
Address the following:
1. What is the NEP/SEP research question? Provide the direct quote-properly cited (reference APA Publication Manual for guidance with citation format).  Do not quote from the Abstract.  Why is the question being asked?  
2. Briefly describe the sample in terms of size, important characteristics, location, and time.  
3. What are the primary dependent and independent variables? 
4. Describe how the data was collected.
5. What is the most important finding?  Was the research question answered? 
Second, based on the section in the Program evaluation text, Chapter 13 on “Culturally Sensitive Evaluation Practice” discuss the implications of race (and other marginalized populations) as well as other socioeconomic factors for program evaluation in general and for this particular study.  You should draw on ideas from the supplemental readings but not summarize them. This latter part should be 40-50% of the paper.  The two parts should be about an equal length. 
By the Program Evaluation Assignment 2 due date, submit a one-page document (single-spaced, 1” margins) that clearly and concisely summarizes the above information as well as the cultural (ethnic/racial) and economic issues that must be considered when developing program assessment for NEP/SEP.  Be sure to follow APA and writing academic paper guidelines.  IMPORTANT: These are not original research papers so DO NOT follow that format–you are learning to do a clear and concise summary of the research including the important points of that research>
Draw on the provided article(s) but feel free to draw on other academic research as well.
Williams, C. T., & Metzger, D. S. (2010). Race and Distance Effects on Regular Syringe Exchange Program Use and Injection Risks: A Geobehavioral Analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 100(6), 1068–1074.
Required Supplemental ReadingsBauer, G.R. & Wayne, L.D. (2005).  Cultural Sensitivity and Research Involving Sexual Minorities.  Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(1), 45-47Zunner, B.P. & Grace, P.J. (2012).  Ethical Issues: The Ethical Nursing Care of Transgender Patients. The American Journal of Nursing 112(12), 61-64.Rosenkrantz, D. E., Black, W. W., Abreu, R. L., Aleshire, M. E., & Fallin-Bennett, K. (2017). Health and health care of rural sexual and gender minorities: A systematic review. Stigma and Health, 2(3), 229–243. IMPORTANT: Do not provide any commentary about the program, personal background information, etc. Just address what is asked for.