Category: Statistics homework help

 
Governing Article Discussion 1
Read the article “Managing Marijuana: The Role of Data-Driven Regulation” and the following:
https://ascend.aspeninstitute.org/an-evidence-based-approach-to-child-support/
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Briefly skim this article on how to report data with small numbers (pay attention to pp 2-6).
Review the guidance issued by the Federal Trade Commission on protecting personal data. 
Watch this Podcast: Privacy and Predictions
1. What did you find most interesting related to the use of data in the articles and podcasts?
2. Royse, Thyer, and Padgett discuss privacy on pp. 44-47 and outcome evaluations on pp 228-234 (chapter 9).  Pick one element of their privacy discussion and briefly describe it focusing on how it applies to an evaluation of program outcomes.  Without getting into specifics, how well does your agency protect the identities of people included in its data?
3. How useful are descriptive statistics to a program evaluator when the sample size is very small?      

In both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations, statistics are critical pieces of information that allow decision makers to steer the organization in directions that are in the organization’s best interest. Data is acquired from many sources, some within the organization, and some from outside the organization. The government tracks data on many different aspects of society (including industrial output). The following will guide your thinking about the uses of data and information.
Review the important themes within the sub question of each bullet point. The sub questions are designed to get you thinking about some of the important issues. Your response should provide a succinct synthesis of the key themes in a way that articulates a clear point, position, or conclusion supported by research.
You are analyzing the cross-store sales of a grocery store chain. As part of your analysis, you compute two measures of central tendency—mean and median. The mean sales are $358.4 million, and the median sales are $163.1 million (per store).
To quantify the average sales per store, evaluate which of the two measures would you use and why. Support your discussion with relevant examples, research, and rationale.
The final paragraph (three or four sentences) of your initial post should summarize the one or two key points that you are making in your initial response.
Submission Details
Your posting should be the equivalent of 1 to 2 single-spaced pages (500–1000 words) in length.
Since you are engaging in research, be sure to cite in the body of the post and add a reference list in APA format
  Comment on 2 student responses attached 

Question 2 [20]
The number of Golden Key candidates for at RBS of different ages in the 2023 academic year is shown in the table below.
Candidate age (years)
Number of Candidates
10 < 20 4 20 < 30 9 30 < 40 18 40 < 50 26 50 < 60 17 60 < 70 6 For these patients, determine the: 2.1 mean age of the candidates. (3) 2.2 modal age of the candidates. (3) 2.3 Median age of the candidates (4) 2.4 Determine the coefficient of variation and comment on your findings. (10) Question 5 [20] A market basket consists of three goods: apples, bananas, and oranges. The quantity and price of each good in the base period and the current period are given below. Quantity (2020) Price (2020) Quantity (2022) Price (2022) Apples 20 R2 25 R2.50 Bananas 30 R1 40 R1.20 Oranges 10 R3 15 R3.50 Calculate and interpret the following price and quantity indices. 5.1 Laspeyre Price Index (5) 5.2 Paasche Price Index (5) 5.3 Laspeyre Quantity Index (5) 5.4 Paasche Price Index (5)

 
Your goal for this assignment is to: Practice your problem-solving skill by answering questions about statistical concepts and the benefits and uses of data-driven decision-making.
Steps to Complete:
Step 1:
You would like to determine whether eating before bed influences sleep patterns. List each of the seven steps for conducting a statistical study.
Explain what you would do to complete each step.
Then, answer the questions below:

What is your hypothesis on this issue?
What type of data (quantitative or categorical) will you be looking for? What are some examples?
What methods would you use to gather information? Which sampling method would you use and why?
How would the results of the data influence decisions you might make about eating and sleeping?
How would we know if the results of the study are valid and reliable?
What questions would you ask to find out more about the quality of the data?
Why is it important to gather and report valid and reliable data?

Submission Instructions:
When you are ready to submit your completed Week 3 Assignment Template

 Write a 100 word minimum paragraph describing a real-life situation where correlation and regression might be used.
Explain the steps and the process involved in calculating the correlation and regression for your real-life situation in detail.
In order to receive credit, your paragraph must be in your own words and not simply cut and paste from a website.
Respond to at least one of your colleagues with a minimum of 30 words. 

Confidence Intervals
In everyday terms, a confidence interval is the range of values around a sample statistic (such as mean or proportion) within which clinicians can expect to get the same results if they repeat the study protocol or intervention, including measuring the same outcomes the same ways. As you ask yourself, “Will I get the same results if I use this research?”, you must address the precision of study findings, which is determined by the Confidence Interval. If the CI around the sample statistic is narrow, you can be confident you will get close to the same results if you implement the same research in your practice.
Consider the following example. Suppose that you did a systematic review of studies on the effect of tai chi exercise on sleep quality, and you found that tai chi affected sleep quality in older people. If, according to your study, you found the lower boundary of the CI to be .49, the study statistic to be 0.87, and the upper boundary to be 1.25, this would mean that each end limit is 0.38 from the sample statistic, which is a relatively narrow CI.
(UB + LB)/2 = Statistic [(1.25 + .49)/2 = .87]
Keep in mind that a mean difference of 0 indicates there is no difference; this CI does not contain 0. Therefore, the sample statistic is statistically significant and unlikely to occur by chance.
Because this was a systematic review, and tai chi exercise has been established from the studies you assessed as helping people sleep, based on the sample statistics and the CI, clinicians could now use your study and confidently include tai chi exercises among possible recommendations for patients who have difficulty sleeping.
Now you can apply your knowledge of CIs to create your own studies and make wise decisions about whether to base your patient care on a particular research finding.
Initial Post Instructions
Find an example of a confidence interval in the news, scholarly source or medical journal. Summarize the article/study. Does the article/study include the sample size and the level of confidence used to create the confidence interval? Explain what the confidence interval means in context of the news article or scholarly source.

Hello Professor and Class. 
For this article, I chose an article by The Wisconsin Department of Health Services explaining confidence interval studies. This study does an excellent job of putting these weeks’ lessons into simple laymen terms that helped me understand the concept.
“In 2005 the estimated percentage of current smokers among Wisconsin adults was 20.7%, with a confidence interval of +/- 1.1%. The estimated population of current smokers was 850,900.
First, calculate the range of the population confidence interval:
R = (1.1/20.7)*850,900 = 45,217 (or 45,200 rounded to the nearest 100)
Then calculate the confidence interval by applying the range to the estimated population:
CI = 850,900 +/- 45,200
In other words, there is a 95% probability that in 2005 the true number of adult smokers in Wisconsin fell within the range of 805,700 – 896,100 people.” (2023) 
By using confidence intervals this study demonstrates how confidence intervals can be used in this case for behavioral risk factors. So instead of asking every resident of the state they can take a sample size and work out the probability. It also shows how factors affect the size of the confidence interval. One is the desired confidence meaning a higher percentage such as 99% would lead to a wider interval. The second is the sample size used for the estimate the larger the size the smaller the confidence interval will be. 
References
Behavioral risk factor survey module: Confidence intervals around sample estimates. Wisconsin Department of Health Services. (2023, January 5). https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/brfs/confidence-intervals.htm#:~:text=For%20example%2C%20in%202005%20the,(20.7%25%20%C2%B1%201.1%25). 

 
Take a sample of 100 homes for sale in your home town. (please use zip cose 18964 for this portion ) Information about homes can be found on websites such as Realtor, Zillow, and Trulia.  For each home, record the address, zip code, current price, number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, square footage, and the company of the listing agent.  The use of EXCEL or other data software may be beneficial.  You will be creating a 2-3 page report describing the housing market in your home town.
Write an introduction that includes the context of the data that has been collected. The introduction should include an identification of who, what, where, how, and why.
Create frequency tables to organize the responses of EACH variable. For quantitative variables, it may be appropriate to bin data into groups; for example, you may wish to group home prices into bins of width 25k or 50k.  The variables are highlighted in green above.
Accompany each frequency table with an appropriate display/chart. Write a sentence that describes the distribution represented in each display. The description should include the context of the report.
Create a contingency table that compares the variables “zip code” and “company”. Accompany your contingency table with an appropriate display. Describe the marginal distribution of “zip code”.
Group your data by zip code and create a boxplot and 5-number summary describing the current home prices in each area. Note any outliers that may be present using the “fence” method.
Write a sentence describing the distribution of home prices using the 68%-95%-99.7% rule. Then comment on whether or not this rule is appropriate in estimating the distribution of home prices.
Write a conclusion summarizing the report.

Read/review the following resources for this activity:
OpenStax Textbook: Chapter 2
Lesson
Chamberlain University Library
Internet
Week 3 Lab TemplateLinks to an external site.
Required Software
Microsoft Word
Internet access to read articles
Scenario/Summary
This week’s lab highlights the use of graphics, distributions, and tables to summarize and interpret data.
Instructions
Part 1:
Your instructor will provide you with a scholarly article.  The article will contain at least one graph and/or table. Please reach out to your instructor if you do not receive the article by Monday of Week 3.
Part 2:  
Title your paper: “Review of [Name of Article]” 
State the Author:
Summarize the article in one paragraph:
Post a screenshot of the article’s frequency table and/or graph.  
Example:
Frequency Distribution -OR- Graph
Answer the following questions about your table or graph.   

What type of study is used in the article (quantitative or qualitative)?

Explain how you came to that conclusion. 

What type of graph or table did you choose for your lab (bar graph, histogram, stem & leaf plot, etc.)?

What characteristics make it this type (you should bring in material that you learned in the course)?

Describe the data displayed in your frequency distribution or graph (consider class size, class width, total frequency, list of frequencies, class consistency, explanatory variables, response variables, shapes of distributions, etc.)   
Draw a conclusion about the data from the graph or frequency distribution in the context of the article. 
How else might this data have been displayed?

Discuss the pros and cons of 2 other presentation options, such as tables or different graphical displays.
Why do you think those two other presentation options (i.e., tables or different graphs) were not used in this article? 

Give the full APA reference of the article you are using for this lab. 
Be sure your name is on the Word document, save it, and then submit it under “Assignments” and “Week 3: Lab”. 
Requirements
The deliverable is a Word document with your answers to the questions posed above based on the article you were assigned.

 YOU SHOULD INDICATE AT THE BEGINNING OF ANY EXPLANATION FOR EACH EXERCISE WHAT THE STATISTICAL TEST IS ACTUALLY MEASURING.  IT WILL HELP YOU BETTER UNDERSTAND THE UTILITY OF EACH TEST
1)  Test whether there is an association between a person’s gender and the prestige of their occupation.  Use the GSS2018 data set to perform an independent samples t-test on SEX and PRESTIG10 depending on the dataset.  Report the following:
Mean prestige score for men                                                           ___________________
Mean prestige score for women                                                      ___________________
t-test equality of means significance level                                     ___________________
Is the relationship statistically significant                                      Yes                  No
On the basis of these data, would you say that gender is associated with occupational prestige?  What could explain this relationship?  Remember to explain this relationship based on what the test measures.
2) You will report the information listed below for the GSS 2018 data set: Perform an independent samples t-test to compare the mean socioeconomic index (SEI10) of those who have had a born again experience with those who have not (REBORN).   
NOTE: SEI: Socioeconomic index scores reflect the education, income, and prestige associated with different occupations.
Mean SEI of those non-born again                                                 ___________________
Mean SEI of those born again                                                         ___________________
t-test equality of means significance level                                     ___________________
Is the relationship statistically significant                                      Yes                  No
On the basis of these data, would you say that the religious experience of being born again is associated with socioeconomic status?  Remember to explain this relationship based on what the test measures.  
What were you expecting and what did you find?
3) Perform a paired t-test to compare the respondent’s mother’s occupational prestige score (MAPRES10) to the respondent’s father’s occupational prestige score (PAPRES10) using the GSS2018 data set.
Respondent’s mother’s occupational prestige score?             ___________________Respondent’s father’s occupational prestige score?               ___________________Significance for the Paired Samples Test?                                 ___________________Is the relationship statistically significant                                                      Yes                  NoAre prestige related to generation?  What were you expecting to find and did you find it?
USE STATES10 DATA FOR THE NEXT SET OF QUESTIONS
4. Perform a paired t-test to compare the median earnings of male full-time workers (EMS168) to the median earnings of female full-time workers (EMS169) using the STATES10 data set.
Mean earnings of men?                                      ___________________
Mean earnings of women?                                  ___________________
Significance for the Paired Samples Test?             ___________________
Is the relationship statistically significant                                      Yes                  No
 
Are earnings related to gender?  Remember to explain this relationship based on what the test measures.  What were you expecting to find and did you find it?
5. Using a variable called WAGEGAP that is the difference between median earnings of male full-time workers (EMS168) and the median earnings of female full-time workers (EMS169), 
Create a histogram of WAGEGAP’s distribution (Remember Histogram is under either frequencies-click on chart from the dialog box OR under GRAPH).  GRAPH IS PART OF THE RIBBON OF COMMANDS ALONG THE TOP
Describe the shape of the distribution.
In which state do women have earnings closest to men’s?     ___________________
In which state do women’s women have earnings most disparate from men’s? ___________________
(If you are having trouble with this, you can sort the data (sort cases) in DATA VIEW from lowest to highest by the WAGEGAP variable and …)
What might account for the variation in wage gaps observed across states?  
6.  From the States10 dataset preform a paired sample t-test and report the results using Overdose Deaths 1999 and 2005 (Pair 1) and Overdose Deaths 2005 and 2017 (Pair 2).
Pair 1
Mean ________?                                  
Mean ________?                                  
Significance for the Paired Samples Test?             ___________________
Is the relationship statistically significant              Yes                  No
Pair 2
Mean ________?                                  
Mean ________?                                  
Significance for the Paired Samples Test?             ___________________
Is the relationship statistically significant              Yes                  No
What do the t-test results suggest about deaths by overdose over the two decade period?