Category: Geography

Please write a 250-500 word reaction paper to the video with Nina Jablonski entitled “Breaking the illusion of skin color.” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLsFl6QiFh4) The paper should be approach the video critically. Some possible question prompts: How does video destabilize, change, affirm your understanding of how skin color arose? What does it mean for a scholar of evolution to say that the founder of the theory was wrong? What does this say about science? What are the implications of the evolutionary basis of skin color, in your mind, for societies where skin color is often used to “mark” people with regard to status/privilege/exclusion/inclusion to those societies? You may have other questions you might want to answer that come to mind and those are fine as prompts to your essay. So what do we mean by an essay? Contains an Introduction that presents your argument or the question you are answering. Contains a Body that supports your position Contains a Conclusion that summarizes your attempt (essay comes from the French “to try”) to present the argument and offers a conclusive statement. Upload this essay by November 1 at 2359/1159PM as a Google Doc, Text Submission, Word Document or a PDF. Late submissions will be docked 10 points per calendar day.

Please look at PDF file, it will contain all the information needed.
Read through this entire handout.
Answer all questions in a separate write-up.
Please submit your report typewritten (you can handwrite equations and calculations)
Submit your .doc, .docx or .pdf write-up
RF Scale, Scale Factor, and Map Projections
For this section, you will need a ruler to make measurements on the Mercator map Download Mercator mapof the world provided. You can print the appropriate section of the map. You will need to print it at 115% scale (actual size). If you don’t have access to a printer, you can make measurements directly on your computer screen. Open the map in the free Adobe ReaderLinks to an external site.. Display the map at 115% scale (Note: the scale you need to use will vary depending on the size of your screen. 115% works well for a 13-14 in screen. If your screen is 15-16 in, try using 100%. In a 27 in desktop monitor 75% is about right!).
The scale in a map with a Mercator projection changes latitudinally. Answer the questions below and show your work. Make sure to write down your units.
1. Calculate the RF scale of the Mercator map handout at a) the equator, b) 45°S and c) 75°N (see p. 49, equations 2.2-2.6 in your textbook) Show your work. (3)
Note the following:
Take the width of Africa at the equator to be 3736 km (2321 mi), the width of South America at 45 °S to be 690 km (429 mi), and the distance across Greenland at 75°N to be 1100 km (684 mi).
Parallels are separated by an interval of 15 degrees of latitude.
2. Using the answers to question 1, calculate the scale factor (SF) of the Mercator map of the world at a)the equator, b) 45° latitude and c) 75° latitude. See page 60 and Fig. 3.3 in your textbook: Map Projection Properties > Scale. Show your work. (3)
3. Describe the observed differences between the Mercator and Gall-Peters projection. Which projection is conformal? Which projection is equivalent? Provide a brief explanation for the differences in the appearance of landmasses between projections. Provide evidence from each map to support your answer. Differences in appearance can be explained by discussing the differences in projection family, grid appearance, and the appearance of overlain circles (Tissot’s indicatrixLinks to an external site.). You may refer to your textbook (pp. 72-74) and to this source to determine the appearance of a given projection: Your World Map is Hiding Something and Compare Map ProjectionsLinks to an external site.. (3)
4. You are asked to make a map to compare forest cover per country with the least distortion in South America. Choose a specific projection and explain why. What aspect and central meridian would you choose? (3)
The figure above shows a great circle route between Yokohama, Japan, and San Francisco California on a (i) Gnomonic and a (ii) Mercator projection.
5. In terms of a navigator trying to maintain a constant compass heading, why would the great circle path shown above be difficult to follow exactly? (1)
6. How would both a Gnomonic and a Mercator projection be used together to aid in navigation? (2)
For questions 7 and 8 go to Interactive Album of Map Projections 2.0 (psu.edu)Links to an external site..
7. Create a map that minimizes distortion of Australia. You will need to zoom into Australia (at least two clicks from the world map) and enter an appropriate value for the prime meridian and, depending on the projection, values for standard parallels. Make sure to turn on the distortion ellipses and the graticule. Also, make sure to click “Update Map” after each change. What projection and parameters did you use? Attach a screenshot of your map. (2)
8. Explain how the projection and parameters you’ve chosen provide the best representation of Australia with minimal distortion. (2)
Basics of Map Design
Critique the following maps in terms of map design. Name at least three things on how the design of each map can be improved.
9. Map 1 (3)
10. Map 2 (3)

For this section, you will need a ruler to make measurements on the Mercator map. You can print the appropriate section of the map. You will need to print it at 115% scale (actual size) . Open the map in the free ADOBE READER. Display the map at 115% scale (Note: the scale you need to use will vary depending on the size of your screen. 115% works well for a 13-14 in screen. If your screen is 15-16 in, try using 100%. In a 27 in desktop monitor 75% is about right!).
The scale in a map with a Mercator projection changes latitudinally. Answer the questions below and show your work. Make sure to write down your units.
1. Calculate the RF scale of the Mercator map handout at a) the equator, b) 45°S and c) 75°N (see p. 49, equations 2.2-2.6 in your textbook) Show your work. (3)
Note the following:
Take the width of Africa at the equator to be 3736 km (2321 mi), the width of South America at 45 °S to be 690 km (429 mi), and the distance across Greenland at 75°N to be 1100 km (684 mi).
Parallels are separated by an interval of 15 degrees of latitude.
2. Using the answers to question 1, calculate the scale factor (SF) of the Mercator map of the world at a)the equator, b) 45° latitude and c) 75° latitude. See page 60 and Fig. 3.3 in your textbook: Map Projection Properties > Scale. Show your work. (3)
3. Describe the observed differences between the Mercator and Gall-Peters projection. Which projection is conformal? Which projection is equivalent? Provide a brief explanation for the differences in the appearance of landmasses between projections. Provide evidence from each map to support your answer. Differences in appearance can be explained by discussing the differences in projection family, grid appearance, and the appearance of overlain circles (Tissot’s indicatrix.). You may refer to your textbook (pp. 72-74) and to this source to determine the appearance of a given projection: Your World Map is Hiding Something and Compare Map Projections
4. You are asked to make a map to compare forest cover per country with the least distortion in South America. Choose a specific projection and explain why. What aspect and central meridian would you choose? (3)
The figure above shows a great circle route between Yokohama, Japan, and San Francisco California on a (i) Gnomonic and a (ii) Mercator projection.
5. In terms of a navigator trying to maintain a constant compass heading, why would the great circle path shown above be difficult to follow exactly? (1)
6. How would both a Gnomonic and a Mercator projection be used together to aid in navigation? (2)
For questions 7 and 8 go to Interactive Album of Map Projections 2.0 (psu.edu)
7. Create a map that minimizes distortion of Australia. You will need to zoom into Australia (at least two clicks from the world map) and enter an appropriate value for the prime meridian and, depending on the projection, values for standard parallels. Make sure to turn on the distortion ellipses and the graticule. Also, make sure to click “Update Map” after each change. What projection and parameters did you use? Attach a screenshot of your map. (2)
8. Explain how the projection and parameters you’ve chosen provide the best representation of Australia with minimal distortion. (2)
Basics of Map Design
Critique the following maps in terms of map design. Name at least three things on how the design of each map can be improved.
9. Map 1 (3)
10. Map 2 (3)

Module 8 Topics (choose one to write about / reflect upon – or develop your own!):
This week (and in previous weeks), we addressed multiple conflicts around the globe, from China & Taiwan to Armenia & Azerbaijan and others. Choose a conflict to reflect upon. From your perspective, what is the best path forward to resolving the conflict? Give examples and try to remain impartial.
Should we draw a distinction between “terrorism” and “war” as separate concepts? Explain your reasoning.

Look for two people who have migrated from the province to the city and identify the reasons behind their transfer. Make this as a term paper

to access the instructions for using the Web Map. Follow the instructions and submit your answers to the questions below when prompted.
Question 1
What do you see on Fiery Cross Reef in the 2016–18 image?
Question 2
What do you see on Woody Island?
Question 3
(A) Why do you think this dispute is especially significant? Hint: think about the relative location, economic activity, resources, etc.(B) How do you think these countries could arrive at a peaceful resolution?
Question 4
NOTE: Use the instructions and the web map to find the correct values. Enter ONLY whole numbers (no decimals), and round to the nearest integer. Do not use any punctuation (commas, etc.) or any other characters. Enter only numbers for each answer. A. New EU Member and Year of Ascension to EU B. Average GDP Per Capita of UK, Germany, and France in year of new member’s ascension to EU. C. Ratio of New Member’s GDP per Capita to UK, French, and German Average. (=A/B) D. GDP per Capita in 2016 E. Ratio of country to average of Germany, UK, and France in 2016. Average = $39,795 (=D/39,795)
Ireland GDP per capita in 1973 = $ Blank 1 $4,473 in 1973 Blank 2 % $ Blank 3 Blank 4 %
Greece GDP per capita in 1981 = $ Blank 5 $10,293 in 1981 Blank 6 % $ Blank 7 Blank 8 %
Portugal GDP per capita in 1986 = $ Blank 9 $12,526 in 1986 Blank 10 % $ Blank 11 Blank 12 %
Spain GDP per capita in 1986 = $ Blank 13 $12,526 in 1986 Blank 14 % $ Blank 15 Blank 16 %
Poland GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 17 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 18 % $ Blank 19 Blank 20 %
Hungary GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 21 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 22 % $ Blank 23 Blank 24 %
Estonia GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 25 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 26 % $ Blank 27 Blank 28 %
Czech Republic GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 29 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 30 % $ Blank 31 Blank 32 %
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Question 5
Based on the table, you can see that many countries joined the EU at a much lower level of economic development when compared to France, Germany, and the UK. Two possible geographic trends discussed in previous chapters could result from these differences. Describe how manufacturing jobs could shift location and which migration flows could occur. Based on the maps and data, give examples of which countries they could have potentially left and which countries they could have potentially moved to.
Question 6
One goal of European integration is to reduce national disparities in economic development by strengthening the economies of members. Based on columns C and E, describe how new EU members’ economies changed in relation to those of Germany, France, and the UK.
Question 7
The European Union directs funds to poorer cities and regions to improve employment, education, and infrastructure. Based on the EU Members and GDP Per Capita in 2016 layer, which countries probably pay more into these funds, and which probably receive more from these funds? Describe how this could lead to political pushback from the countries that pay more.
Question 8
Based on the map, which three countries have the greatest proportion of debt relative to GDP?Portugal, Italy, and Greece
Ireland, Greece, and Estonia
Spain, Italy, and Poland
Germany, Hungary, and Czech Republic
Question 9
1 PointEU regulations limit the level of government debt a country can take on. To help high-debt countries, EU regulators have injected money into them, but also forced them to make substantial cuts in government spending, known as austerity measures. Describe how lower-debt countries may be upset about sending money to support high-debt countries. Also, describe how high-debt countries may be upset about mandatory cuts to public spending.
Question 10
1 PointSelect the nine EU countries that are not members of the Eurozone according to the map. Each has chosen to keep using its own national currency rather than the Euro.Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Question 11
1 PointSelect the six EU countries that are not members of the Schengen Area according to the map. These countries do not allow for passport-free travel. Note: one of the countries in the Mediterranean Sea close to Turkey is difficult to see.Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Question 12
1 PointSelect the four Schengen countries that are not part of the European Union. These allow passport-free travel but do not participate in other economic and political programs via the European Union. Three of the four may be difficult to see. You may need to scroll your map north and west to see one of the countries. Another is landlocked and may be difficult to identify. The third is very small. To find this one, enter these latitude and longitude coordinates in the Find address or place search box: 47.1660 N, 9.5554 E.Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland

Click here to access the instructions for using the Web Map. Follow the instructions and submit your answers to the questions below when prompted.
Question 1
What do you see on Fiery Cross Reef in the 2016–18 image?
Question 2
What do you see on Woody Island?
Question 3
(A) Why do you think this dispute is especially significant? Hint: think about the relative location, economic activity, resources, etc.(B) How do you think these countries could arrive at a peaceful resolution?
Question 4
NOTE: Use the instructions and the web map to find the correct values. Enter ONLY whole numbers (no decimals), and round to the nearest integer. Do not use any punctuation (commas, etc.) or any other characters. Enter only numbers for each answer. A. New EU Member and Year of Ascension to EU B. Average GDP Per Capita of UK, Germany, and France in year of new member’s ascension to EU. C. Ratio of New Member’s GDP per Capita to UK, French, and German Average. (=A/B) D. GDP per Capita in 2016 E. Ratio of country to average of Germany, UK, and France in 2016. Average = $39,795 (=D/39,795)
Ireland GDP per capita in 1973 = $ Blank 1 $4,473 in 1973 Blank 2 % $ Blank 3 Blank 4 %
Greece GDP per capita in 1981 = $ Blank 5 $10,293 in 1981 Blank 6 % $ Blank 7 Blank 8 %
Portugal GDP per capita in 1986 = $ Blank 9 $12,526 in 1986 Blank 10 % $ Blank 11 Blank 12 %
Spain GDP per capita in 1986 = $ Blank 13 $12,526 in 1986 Blank 14 % $ Blank 15 Blank 16 %
Poland GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 17 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 18 % $ Blank 19 Blank 20 %
Hungary GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 21 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 22 % $ Blank 23 Blank 24 %
Estonia GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 25 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 26 % $ Blank 27 Blank 28 %
Czech Republic GDP per capita in 2004 = $ Blank 29 $36,008 in 2004 Blank 30 % $ Blank 31 Blank 32 %
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Question 5
Based on the table, you can see that many countries joined the EU at a much lower level of economic development when compared to France, Germany, and the UK. Two possible geographic trends discussed in previous chapters could result from these differences. Describe how manufacturing jobs could shift location and which migration flows could occur. Based on the maps and data, give examples of which countries they could have potentially left and which countries they could have potentially moved to.
Question 6
One goal of European integration is to reduce national disparities in economic development by strengthening the economies of members. Based on columns C and E, describe how new EU members’ economies changed in relation to those of Germany, France, and the UK.
Question 7
The European Union directs funds to poorer cities and regions to improve employment, education, and infrastructure. Based on the EU Members and GDP Per Capita in 2016 layer, which countries probably pay more into these funds, and which probably receive more from these funds? Describe how this could lead to political pushback from the countries that pay more.
Question 8
Based on the map, which three countries have the greatest proportion of debt relative to GDP?Portugal, Italy, and Greece
Ireland, Greece, and Estonia
Spain, Italy, and Poland
Germany, Hungary, and Czech Republic
Question 9
1 PointEU regulations limit the level of government debt a country can take on. To help high-debt countries, EU regulators have injected money into them, but also forced them to make substantial cuts in government spending, known as austerity measures. Describe how lower-debt countries may be upset about sending money to support high-debt countries. Also, describe how high-debt countries may be upset about mandatory cuts to public spending.
Question 10
1 PointSelect the nine EU countries that are not members of the Eurozone according to the map. Each has chosen to keep using its own national currency rather than the Euro.Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Question 11
1 PointSelect the six EU countries that are not members of the Schengen Area according to the map. These countries do not allow for passport-free travel. Note: one of the countries in the Mediterranean Sea close to Turkey is difficult to see.Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Question 12
1 PointSelect the four Schengen countries that are not part of the European Union. These allow passport-free travel but do not participate in other economic and political programs via the European Union. Three of the four may be difficult to see. You may need to scroll your map north and west to see one of the countries. Another is landlocked and may be difficult to identify. The third is very small. To find this one, enter these latitude and longitude coordinates in the Find address or place search box: 47.1660 N, 9.5554 E.Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland

Click here to access the instructions for using the Web Map, follow the instructions and submit your answers to the questions below when prompted.
Question 1
Which of the borders listed in the Americas (North and South America) is a geometric border?The United States and Canada
Brazil and Peru
The United States and Mexico
Chile and Argentina
Question 2
Which of the borders listed in Africa is a geometric border?Egypt and Sudan
Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo
Morocco and Algeria
Sudan and South Sudan
Question 3
Which of the borders listed in Eurasia is a geometric border?Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
China and Nepal
Spain and France
Azerbaijan and Armenia
Question 4
What type of physical feature has created the physical border between Argentina and Chile in South America?mountain
river
lake
desert
Question 5
What type of physical feature has created the physical border between The United States (Texas) and Mexico in North America?mountain
river
lake
desert
Question 6
What type of physical feature has created the physical border between Morocco and Algeria in Africa?mountain
river
lake
desert
Question 7
What type of physical feature has created the physical border between Georgia and Russia in Asia?mountain
river
lake
desert
Question 8
What type of physical feature has created the physical border between Spain and France in Europe?mountain
river
lake
desert
Question 9
Navigate around the map and compare state borders to cultural boundaries. In Europe, does it appear that most countries are nation states or multination states?nation-states
multi-nation states
Question 10
Since the European partitioning of Africa under the Berlin Conference, borders and culture groups have been a regular source of conflict in the region. In recent years, a civil war has been fought between the Dinka and the Nuer people. Find the country these groups are fighting over by using the Filter tool. Click on the filter icon in the top left and turn on the Nuer and Dinka filter.
Which country are the Dinka and Nuer fighting over?Blank 1Blank 1
Question 11
The Dinka, Nuer, and other ethnic groups fought for many decades for independence from their northern neighbor. What is the name of the country to their north, and which group, located around its capital city of Khartoum, once dominated them?Sudan, Sudanese Arabs
Egypt, Arab Muslims
Sudan, Beja
Ethiopia, Oroma
Question 12
Which of the following two countries appear to be aligned with cultural borders?Protestants
Catholics
Scots
Welsh
English
Question 13
Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have political borders that match its cultural borders, which major groups are found within its borders?Bosniaks
Serbs
Croats
Albanians
Question 14
Which major groups, which have been at odds for many years, are found in Iraq?Sunni Arabs
Shi’a Arabs
Palestinian Arabs
Azeri
Question 15
Which group, which would like to have its own country, is found along the shared borders of Iraq, Syria, and Turkey?Kurds
Turkish
Azeri
Georgians

Your paper must be four (4) full double-spaced pages with standard margins, 12 point font, only one space between paragraphs, do not include direct quotes from the article, and please avoid excessive wasted space at the top of the first page and the bottom of the final page. Please do not attempt to stretch two pages worth of writing into four pages through the use of lengthy direct quotes and excessive wasted space (points will be deducted accordingly). Your paper must include the following three elements: 1) Please provide a general overview of the information presented in the article, including its purpose (i.e., what is it analyzing and why?), the major variables discussed in the article, and its conclusion. (12 points) 2) Please discuss any relevant political, geopolitical, sociocultural, environmental, or economic factors and interconnections/relations between the different people (or stakeholders) and places presented in the article. (12 points) 3) Please discuss how the topic, analysis, and conclusions presented in the article are situated within larger global events or connected to current events elsewhere in the world. (12 points)

The goal of this assignment is for you to use the four themes of unsettling, resistance, resilience and mapping — as well as the course content in the lectures to date — as a lens through which to view one of the films available.
What do I mean by a lens? A lens is a principle that guides how we look at a problem or material. In our case, we are using the lenses of unsettling, resistance, resilience and mapping to interpret the film.
To help you assess the film, list key messages of the film and align them with the four themes. You might use a table like the one below.
Lens/principle Event or theme from the film
Unsettling
Resistance
Resilience
Mapping
film can be chosen from the four movies: Mashkawi-Manidoo Bimaadiziwin Spirit to Soar, Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance, Trick or treaty, Indian Horse.
When watching the film, notice how certain events and stories in the film align with the rows in your table (e.g. the 4 themes).
Your job is then to create a narrative review of the film that addresses each of the rows in your table.
Try and use knowledge that you have gained from the course lectures so far. For instance, you know that First Nations peoples started to change their patterns of geographical movement and mobility when settlers started to encroach on their lands. This might relate to material presented in your film. In this case, use your writing to illustrate how this aligns with information in the film and also with the theme of resilience.
A final goal is to discuss the events of your film in relation to current geographical events in Canada. For instance, if your film is about land or treaty negotiation, how does that relate to contest over geographies in the present day? Use an example from current affairs (i.e. last ten years).
This assignment should include the table filled in (see above) and a short (500 words max) discussion of the events of the film in relation to current affairs in Canada. At the top of the assignment text box, type the name of the film you assessed. The marking will be based on 4 criteria: skill in aligning film material with any or all of the four themes; relation of the film material and concepts to course content to date (up to and including week 5), writing clarity and skill; and ability to relate events portrayed in the film to contemporary Canadian geography.
IN SUMMARY:
1. Fill in the table with bullet points indicating how the events of the film you reviewed align with the course themes.
2. Write a short (500 words or less) review of the film. The 500 word review is separate from the words in the table.
3. The review should reference things you learned about the in course as well as the relationship of the material in the film to a current events in Canada.
4. If you do not know what a film review should entail, then read some film reviews in the Globe & Mail or other newspapers.
Criteria
1.Alignment of film content with course themes
The four course themes are: unsettling (colonization), resistance, resilience and mapping. You are looking
for a clear articulation between one or more of these themes and the film content. 3marks
2.Relation of the course content to the film message
There have been five course weeks to date. You are looking for how the students linked the film content to
the course content. Look for 4 points (associated with a mark each). 4marks
3.This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWriting clarity and skill
You are looking for clear, concise and articulate writing. Use of proper paragraphs, punctuation and
grammar are also important. 4marks
4. This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeRelation of film content to one or more events in
contemporary Canadian geography
You are looking for the student’s ability to link film content to a contemporary event in Canada. What are the
parallels? Do they make sense? How well do they make the case? 4marks