Category: Genetics

Please make a formal lab report. The first step is READ INSTRUCTIONS THOROUGHLY! Please refer to all the pdfs. Use excel sheet as your results!
Important : The Null Hypothesis
• Is the hypothesis which you are testing: the
higher the p-value obtained, the more likely
that the data fits your hypothesis.
• Must be able to determine expected
numbers to allow their comparison with the
observed values
• Written as a proper sentence, and must
include all essential information
Your research/experimental hypotheses should be stated at the end of your Introduction and addressed thoroughly in your Discussion. These need to be something that can be tested through the observations of the generations from your crosses and through Chi-square analyses of the F2 generations.
Your null hypotheses are specific to each Chi-square analysis only. They should be clearly stated after explaining the choice (based on observation of the phenotypes in the generations and shown in the figure) and then you must provide all of the relevant information related to the analysis (X^2 value, dof, p-value range, and conclusion of the test). Do not discuss the relevance or validity of the result here.
Remember: your Chi-square test results and observations may not agree! That is okay. In your discussion you will address any agreement and disagreement between these and the literature. Don’t forget to suggest a possible explanation if things don’t fit neatly together!

please follow the rubric attached to this paper on the population “” Adolescents”” from 13 to 18 years old. A PowerPoint presentation ( 6 pages ) and a creative handout ( can have one activity for adolescents) are required for this assignment paying close attention to the objectives.You can put 2 references in the PowerPoint presentation.

1. Let’s look at a pdf version of 23andme’s Breast Cancer tutorial that a user has to click through before unlocking a BRCA1/2 report: https://medical.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BRCA-Tutorial.pdfLinks to an external site.
a. How good a job do you think this tutorial does in explaining cancer and hereditary cancers? Why?
b. Does the tutorial mention whether these genes have any effects besides Breast and Ovarian Cancer in women, and if so, what?
c. Does this tutorial mention the effect of these variants on men? What are they?
d. Does this tutorial mention what it means to have a negative result for the variants tested for by 23andme?
e. Does it make sound like genetics and the variants 23andme test for are a big contributor of overall breast cancer risk to make their product seem more impressive? Is there a visual representation of this given?
f. Opinion: as a user would you think this is actually better than a browsewrap (or even clickwrap) contract, or is it a waste of time that you’d be annoyed to click through?
2. Having looked at the tutorial to unlock the report, let’s look at the actual BRCA test result now.
a. How many variants were tested for?
b. Why were these variants chosen?
c. Are these the only variants in this gene that cause cancer risk to increase?
d. Why might other variants not be chosen to include in the test?
e. How big an impact does a BRCA1 variant have on breast and ovarian cancer risk: more than or less than a BRCA2 variant?
f. Is this a dominant or a recessive trait?
g. Does 23andme recommend any additional tests before taking medical action on this report?
h. What are the chances that someone’s genotype is wrong, and what is the regulation that makes sure this number is acceptably low?
i. What are three different actions this report suggests to reduce risk?
j. Do you think this report does a good job of highlighting the importance of talking to medical professionals, or do you think it attempts to administer medical advice?
k. Why does 23andme suggest that people should discuss this result with their family: just to sell more genetic test kits?
l. Is the variant looked for more common in a particular ancestry group (heads up that this might be referred to as an ethnicity by 23andme, even though that’s not exactly right)?
m. Does this mean it’s ONLY found in this ancestry group? (More information on this variant in lecture slides if you need help, but you can just answer generally.)
n. What does that mean for the residual risk of an individual who is NOT in this ancestry group as compared to someone who is in this ancestry group?
o. Does overall ancestry matter or just where the chromosome 17 and 13 patches that carry these genes are from?
p. Does this report and the tutorial before it do a good job of using sex or gender to describe which aspects are relevant to this phenotype? Note that individuals who go on gender-affirming hormone therapy start having a cancer risk that approximates their gender rather than their sex assigned at birth, depending on the duration of hormone treatment — but not all trans individuals chose to undertake hormone therapy.
q. If you were a genetic counselor and you were trying to assess breast cancer risk, would you want to have a medical record or pedigree (visual chart of family structure) that depicted gender, sex-assigned-at-birth, or both? What would you find the most useful and sensitive way to present that information?
3. Let’s compare this to a company that is not technically direct-to-consumer, but direct-through-physician. You can chose *either* Invitae or Color’s website to explore, pretending you are a consumer who is interested in being proactive about assessing your risk for hereditary disease, including cancer susceptibility (perhaps because you don’t know your family health history or because you know that your family health history might not accurately represent genetics). Work in section with someone who is looking at the other company’s website, and then report back about what it looks like. (If you’re doing this outside of section, look at both.)
a. Can you as a consumer order a test? (Don’t put in credit card info, but go so far as to give it a try.)
b. Who is the physician involved: does it have to be your doctor or can it be someone on payroll at the company?
c. Could you bill insurance? Do you have to? (E.g. does your insurance even need to know you took this test?)
d. If this result shows up on your medical record, what kind of insurance would it hamper your ability to get?
e. Do you, as a consumer, get access to some kind of medical professional if you have a positive test result? If so, what kind?
f. Let’s watch Invitae’s video: https://vimeo.com/871895311Links to an external site. – do you think that a video like is a better or worse way of communicating about the limitations of a test than the tutorial click through that 23andme offered?
4. Let’s look at a sample positive test result for Invitae (here: https://www.bumrungrad.com/getattachment/6a410a19-b98b-43c5-a20c-be1cca9ceeb1/Proactive-Cardio.pdf?lang=en-USLinks to an external site. ) and a negative test result for Color (here: https://www.color.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/neg_h30_F_20220713.pdfLinks to an external site. ) – both for the proactive “I just want to know my disease risk” kind of testing.
a. What is different about the view that these companies are taking of cancer susceptibility as compared to 23andme, in terms of number of genes?
b. What is different about the view that these companies are taking of each gene, in terms of what view of this part of the genome they are taking?
c. Do Invitae and Color test for all of the diseases that 23andme has been approved by the FDA as offering health tests for? Check the list of genes.
d. What are three differences you note between these reports and the 23andme’s test report above?
e. Do you think that the positive predictive value of the test is accurately described by the report that tells someone they have a disease-associated variant?
f. Do you think that the negative predictive value of the test is being accurately described by the negative test report?
g. If you were to order a test for proactively addressing your genetic disease risk, which company would you go for and why?
5. Let’s look at Parkinson’s disease risk. This report is for an individual who is a carrier for a variant that increases Parkinson’s Disease Risk but is ALSO associated with Gaucher Disease Type 1 (when homozygous).
a. When one variant is associated with multiple, not-obviously-related traits/phenotypes/disease conditions, that’s an example of _____? (insert a vocab word)
b. What is the general population risk of Parkinson’s disease by age 80?
c. Assuming the consumer who purchased this report is of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, what is their risk of Parkinson’s disease by age 80? How much is this increased over the general population risk?
d. How does this compare to Google founder Sergey Brin’s rest result (he has a variant in another gene called LRRK2, that confers a 25% disease risk)?
e. Do most people with the variant (listed in this report) go on to develop Parkinson’s disease?
f. Do the majority of people with Parkinson’s disease have this variant? (Consider the quote from Sergey’s blog at http://too.blogspot.com/2008/09/lrrk2.htmlLinks to an external site. — “There are some cases of familial Parkinson’s but they are quite rare. Over the past few years researchers have been honing in on the genes that are responsible for those cases.”)
g. The previous two questions suggest there is not a strong clinical validity to the test (meaning, the genotype is really strongly associated with the disease). Is there a clinical utility that is referenced on the report (meaning concrete steps that doctors or patients can to improve health outcomes as a result of knowing)?
h. In spite of this, Sergey found personal utility in knowing his increased risk genotype, like in motivating his exercise regimen. If you had done 23andme, would you have found enough potential value to click through to unlock this report? Explain why or why not.
i. People who sign up for StrainGenie to be matched with personalized cannabis strain recommendations receive this information (along with Alzheimer’s APOE status) dropped into the middle of their report. Would you have expected this result to be a part of StrainGenie’s offerings, given that the company promises to provide “genetic analysis to match you with the right cannabis products”?
j. Is the link to cannabis products one that seems evidence-based to you from the report?
k. Do you think that Alzheimer’s Disease susceptibility should be a locked report like 23andme offers, or just included with other analysis like StrainGenie?
l. Can you tell what the individual’s APOE alleles are from this report? Is it clear what is meant by “slight” risk?
m. What are three potential harms to a user of finding out APOE and Parkinson’s risk in this format (note this is the entire part of the report dealing with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s)?

Please answer each question, it does not have too be long but make sure to fully answer the questions. Absolutely no use of AI!

Why are parent-child relationships always exactly 50%, without a range? (Note this chart, like most DTCGT, is working with autosomes, aka chromosomes 1-22.)
Can you tell from DNA comparison who is the child and who is the parent? (Companies might use other user data collected at sign up to decide for sure.)
Why is there a range around the relationship between full siblings?
Are the full siblings on average as closely related as parent-child?
What are ¾ siblings? (Why does the chart say they are a “combination of half siblings and first cousins”?)
Is your answer in the previous question the same thing as incest, or is it a different way that families get complicated?
What are double first cousins? Is that incest, or is it a different way that families get complicated?
If you find fully identical regions in comparing two people, could you rule out half-siblings who share only one parent in common, assuming that their other nonshared parents were not related?
What second-degree relatives are as closely related as a half-sibling, and indistinguishable from looking at genetic relatedness alone?
How could you (or a DTCGT company algorithm) use age to try tell the difference between the answers to the previous question? Is that always effective or certain?
Now, read through the narratives of (real life) scenarios where people discovered surprising information about close-relative relationships as a result of direct-to-consumer genetic testing: attached
If any of the scenarios is too personally sensitive, feel free to skip it. You need to read enough of these to be able to compare/contrast and find themes, which you can do if you opt out of some.
11. Did people in these narratives overall seem prepared or unprepared to find these relationships when they ordered the test? Did prior education seem to help people expect these results?
12. How were the unexpected relative findings initially received by the people who ordered them — any common reaction patterns?
13. Do you note any differences between shorter-term and longer-term reactions to discovering the unexpected genetic relationships? (Consider the souring of relationship in scenario 8 in particular.)
14. Does the situation uncovered by DNA testing always involve someone deliberately hiding information?
15. When you compare an individuals’ two redundant chromosomes to each other, and there are long stretches of having inherited the same alleles both maternally and paternally, what could that possibly mean about the nature of the individual’s parentage?

In this assignment you will be creating an advertisement for a Recombinant DNA technology. In your advertisement you will promote the technology by creating a ONE PAGE flyer that “sells” your product. You should highlight the following information in your advertisement: a logo, what is it used for, the basic steps of the technique, why would someone want to use this technology in their lab, etc. Your advertisement should be your own creation and must have pictures. The pictures should highlight details about the specific recombinant DNA technology that you are creating the advertisement for. You can use web-based applications such as Canva, Adobe, Google Slide, Visme, etc. Do not attach photos of your assignment. Submit your file as pdf. Use an app such as CamScanner to scan your document as pdf. The following technology you’re required to write about is Gene cloning.

Yeast Life Cycle Rubric
Meiosis :
You are to show why at the end of the yeast life cycle, there should be 75% red and 25% white colonies
if the meiotic products were plated on a nutrient agar plate. To do this draw (NICELY) and label each
step of meiosis beginning with the normal, non-prophase I cell. Be sure to put the proper adenine
alleles on the chromosomes at each step. Show the genotype of the red and white colonies at the end.
NO written explanation is necessary if the meiotic steps and genotypes are done well.
Mating type :
Any of the resulting colonies if the meiotic products were plated could be either “a” or “” mating types.
This results from the fact that of the four spores resulting from each complete meiotic event, two are
“a” and two “” mating types. Write one or two paragraphs (no more than a half page) explaining how
you would do an experiment to show whether any given colony is “a” or “” mating type.

I would like help building a DNA sequence for a project. My genus is Arabidopsis & my three species are Arabidopsis lyrata subsp kamchatica, Arabidopsis suecica, Arabidopsis thaliana isolate.

Please provide an answer that is 100% original and do not copy the answer to this question from any other website since I am already well aware of this. I will be sure to check this.
Please be sure that the answer comes up with way less than 18% on Studypool’s internal plagiarism checker since anything above this is not acceptable according to Studypool’s standards. I will not accept answers that are above this standard.
No AI or Chatbot! I will be sure to check this.
there are a few question that require 3-4 lines answer for each question.
Requirements: 3-4 Lines for Each Question Times New Roman Size 12 Font Double-Spaced APA Format Excluding the Title and Reference Pages
Please provide an answer that is 100% original and do not copy the answer to this question from any other website since I am already well aware of this. I will be sure to check this.
Please be sure that the answer comes up with way less than 18% on Studypool’s internal plagiarism checker since anything above this is not acceptable according to Studypool’s standards. I will not accept answers that are above this standard.
No AI or Chatbot! I will be sure to check this.
Please be sure to carefully follow the instructions.
No plagiarism & No Course Hero & No Chegg. The assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.
Please be sure to include at least one in-text citation per question answer.
Please be sure to use credible or scholalry sources published within the last 5 years.

For this last discussion, we will be focusing specifically on the ethical implications of personalized genomics and gene editing.
Once you select a topic, find an article and don’t forget to comment on two other posts by your peers. I chose for example an article that talks about how the FDA prohibited 23andMe from providing health information (featured article) but a couple years later the company made a combat (see attached pdf Can 23andMe have it all?). Having worked in forensics during one of my undergraduate internships, I wonder how many cold cases could have been solved in Peru for example, if 23andMe would have been widely available. While the company offers both ancestry and carrier reports, are the right policies in place to protect the customers’ genetic information? Similarly, what are the ethical and social issues of gene editing?
https://www.science.org/content/article/frustrated-us-fda-issues-warning-23andme3Clicks: Francisco Miranda, Shealee Perkins, Dylan Gomez
Can 23andMe have it all?.pdf
DOC
Chenel Moore
Today at 1:45 PM MSTYou’ve viewed this post
Mark as readMore OptionsFor this discussion, I wanted to focus on genetically modified food. I chose this topic because it is a concept in which I struggle with from an economical standpoint. I do not feel that GMO foods should be created in efforts to push “higher quality” food with the sole intention of making more money. However, this article is interesting because it introduces the idea of genetically modified foods in order to combat global malnutrition. By having a surplus of genetically modified crops it increases overall accessibility to nutrient rich foods. In any situation, I believe gene editing is only as good as the intentions and should be regulated. In addition, the article explains a schematic representation of CRISPR as well utilizing gene editing to provide more nutrient dense crops. Furthermore, the article makes mention of various countries like the US, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia. All of these countries have established a product-based regulation that are free from GMO monitoring and other countries alike are working hard to establish a world-wide effort to push favor towards GMO. However, I still feel that it should be monitored and labeled.
https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/932859/…
Justine Moriarty
Today at 12:12 PM MSTYou’ve viewed this post
Mark as readMore Options
This week for our final module we will be learning about personalized genomics and gene editing. The ability to edit genes comes with an innate ethical concern. These ethical concerns can apply to humans and animals alike. Gene editing is now a very useful alternative for farmed animal breeding. These technological advancements allow farmers to move beyond conventional breeding methods to bring out more desirable traits. Given the choice to adjust a gene which allows your stock to become more resistant to viruses seems like a no-brainer, but what effects with this confidence have on the animal’s welfare? If the ability to edit genes of farm animals leads to the decay of their conditions and care, then it is an unethical practice. Though, with some simple guidelines maybe the animal’s overall welfare can be preserved alongside use of gene editing.https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/publications/gen…
THE NUFFIELD COUNCIL ON BIOETHICS
Genome editing and farmed animals –