Category: Databases

Introduction to Stack in Data Structures
CodeWithHarry
Introduction to Stacks
Today we will be discussing the stacked data structure, which is an important concept in data structures and algorithms. A stack is a linear data structure that can be visualized as a container in the shape of a box, as shown below:
In this article, we will explore the various aspects of a stack and its uses.
What is a Stack?
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle. It means that the element which is added last to the stack is the first one to be removed. The stack is an ordered list of similar data types, and it operates on the basis of two main operations: push and pop.
Push and Pop Operations
The push operation adds an element to the top of the stack, whereas the pop operation removes an element from the top of the stack. The push and pop operations are performed on the same end of the stack, which is known as the top of the stack.
Uses of Stacks
Stacks are used in various applications, such as:
Function call management in programming languages
Memory management in compilers
Undo and redo operations in text editors
Backtracking algorithms
Understanding stacks is essential for anyone interested in computer science and programming. You can download the notes for this article in PDF format to help you study and learn more about stacks.
The concept of a stack can be visualized as a box where items are added inside.
How would you rate this summary?

Introduction to Data Structures & Algorithms
CodeWithHarry
Course Introduction
This course is designed for placement preparation and will mainly cover data structures and algorithms using C and C++. Even if you do not know C++, you will still be able to follow along easily. The notes will be made available as a PDF in the description below.
Data Structures and Algorithms
Data structures are used to arrange data in main memory for efficient usage while algorithms are a sequence of steps to solve a given problem. In this course, we will cover arrays, linked lists, and graphs as examples of data structures and dive into solving problems using different algorithms.
Programming Languages
C and C++ will be the primary languages used in this course but Java can also be used to implement the algorithms. I do not recommend Python or JavaScript for beginners but rather suggest learning C to get a solid foundation in programming.
Conclusion
Learning data structures and algorithms is a responsibility and I will teach this course in a way that is easy to understand for beginners. Don’t worry if you make mistakes or have trouble at first, just follow along step by step and everything will become clear.
Data Structures & Algorithms for Placements
This course is primarily for those preparing for placements or job interviews.
Time is limited when preparing for placements, so this course is structured to value your time. A 15-hour video on C with notes is available on the channel, which will be covered first. If you’re an advanced Java user or can program algorithms in Python, then it’s possible to do so. However, it’s recommended to learn C and C++ first.
Data structure is an arrangement of data in main memory, which refers to RAM (Random Access Memory) of 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 GB. The sequence of RAM usage is important when loading a program like “chrome.exe” for Windows. Fiddling with data occurs in main memory, which must be arranged optimally using data structures to minimize RAM usage.
The theory of databases is not covered in this course, but you should know their basic concepts. When opening a new tab, a large amount of data is stored in a database that must be retrieved and updated regularly. Data warehouses store data permanently for faster retrieval and updation for analysis purposes. Legacy data needs to be stored separately from the main system.
Sorting Algorithms
The example used here is sorting arrays in ascending or descending order. An algorithm is a series of steps to create a process. When sorting an array, steps must be taken to sort in ascending or descending order. The steps taken to sort an algorithm into an array define the algorithm.
How would you rate this summary?
😠😔😐👌😃

Python or R
Presentation and BI tools like Microsoft Power BI or Tableau
Soft skills like problem-solving, communication, and storytelling
Free Courses to Learn Data Analytics
To learn Excel, you can do the free course “Analyzing Data with Excel” by IBM, which is available on edx.com. To learn SQL, you can do the free course by Mode Analytics. For Python, you can do the free course “Python for Data Science” by IBM. To learn presentation and BI tools, you can do the free course “Data Visualization and Communication with Tableau” by Duke University on Coursera.
Free Courses for Learning Data Analytics Skills
There are many free courses available online for learning data analytics skills. You can learn complete courses freely via platforms like edX, YouTube, and Khan Academy. Here are some recommendations:
For learning Excel in Hindi, the best platform is YouTube. Search for “data analyzing using excel” and many mini and full courses will appear. You can also check out Saima Academy’s playlist on “data analysis in excel pivot table Urdu/Hindi.”
For learning SQL, you can take the free course “SQL and Relational Database 101” by Cognitive Classes, or the free course at Khan Academy. In Hindi, you can search for “SQL in Hindi” on YouTube.
For programming skills, you can take the free course “Data Analysis with Python” by Cognitive Classes and the free course “Data Analysis with R” by Cognitive Classes. If you want to learn SAS, you can take the free course “Analytics on SAS” by Great Learning Academy.
Google has launched a free data analysis job-oriented course that lasts for six months. To get started, search for “data analyst certificate & training grow with google” in your browser. This course is paid, but if you can’t afford it, you can apply for financial aid via Coursera.

The Red and Blue Entertainment ( R&B E) company has been keeping thousands of Movie Soundtracks, Videos, and Pictures from movies and resale them via their online store.
The current databases are under R&B E Datacenter (on-premises).
Databases for customers to reach
Database 1: Movie Soundtracks
Database 2: Videos
Database 3: Pictures
Databases for Employees (workforce members) to reach
Database 4: HR
Database 5: Payroll
Database 6: Heath insurance
Please address the R&B E Company manager’s expectations and requirements.
Question 1: R&B E Entertainment products (Databases 1, 2, and 3) will be moved to the cloud: How you can address the security concerns in terms of Authentication and Credentials of the user? What type of Multifactor authentication (MFA) you would recommend for the customers to access data in the cloud? The options for MFA. Please refer to the given CSA security guidance document Section 12.1.3.
Question 2: R&B E Company managers would like to have online customers access various sections of the website (Movie Soundtrack, Videos, and Pictures) by having only one account. R&B E has many products like videos from movie clips, pictures of movie stars in addition to sound files. They would like to let customers access their accounts from one central dashboard, enhancing their user experience. When shifting between each one (for example from the music section to the pictures section), the site should re-authenticate customers with the same credentials. What is your Identity as a Service solution for this case?
Question 3: R&B E Company managers would like to have customers be able to login into their system using their Facebook account credentials. R&B E IT system should use Facebook account credentials to identify the customer. What is your Identity as a Service solution for this case?
RULES FOR ASSIGNMENTS
While preparing your MS Word document, you should follow the posted assignment policy guidelines.
Make sure your MS Word document has all the required sections and address the questions based on the WUST Writing Standards Guide.
2
Go to the Amazon Web Service (AWS) website at the link below and look for a customer success story that interests you and write about it.
https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/?nc2=h_ql_le_css&customer-references-cards.sort-by=item.additionalFields.publishedDate&customer-references-cards.sort-order=desc&awsf.customer-references-location=location%23americas&awsf.customer-references-segment=customer-segment%23enterpriseLinks to an external site.
There are at least 50 there – so don’t choose the first one. Look at the other posts and choose different companies.
Select one company. Then go to that company’s website (the website of the “success story” company you chose above) and see if you can find some mention of their use of the cloud services at AWS and describe what you find.
Then answer the questions:
Question 1 What kind of AWS cloud service model does the company you selected to use?
Question 2 Is the cloud presence at AWS of your chosen company a MAJOR factor in the company’s success or a minor factor?
Question 3 How long has the company been using AWS cloud services?
Question 4 Do you think it was a good choice for this company to use cloud services or would they have been better off not using cloud services ( using their own data center)? Why?
3
Title: Cloud-Based Web application
You are part of a startup company. A startup company is a newly formed business with particular momentum behind it based on perceived demand for Web Based Software applications in one of the given fields below. The intention of your startup is to grow rapidly as a result of offering something that addresses a particular market gap in one of the following areas. Your team was tasked to Develop a new Cloud-Based Web application for Desktop and Mobile for one of the topics below.
A new Food delivery app
A new Dating App
A new Real Estate sales app
A new Healthcare application
Select just ONE of topic and then explain what this new application would do.
As a startup company, your team has limited resources ( less money and very small IT infrastructure ) .
Once you have done that, answer the following questions.
Question 1 What cloud service model you would use for this app when you are developing the software ?
Question 2 What cloud service model you would use so the customer can access to the software and use it?
Question 3 What cloud deployment model you would use to keep data and all transactions?
Requirements: 4 to 5 pages | .doc file

The Red and Blue Entertainment ( R&B E) company has been keeping thousands of Movie Soundtracks, Videos, and Pictures from movies and resale them via their online store.
The current databases are under R&B E Datacenter (on-premises).
Databases for customers to reach
Database 1: Movie Soundtracks
Database 2: Videos
Database 3: Pictures
Databases for Employees (workforce members) to reach
Database 4: HR
Database 5: Payroll
Database 6: Heath insurance
Please address the R&B E Company manager’s expectations and requirements.
Question 1: R&B E Entertainment products (Databases 1, 2, and 3) will be moved to the cloud: How you can address the security concerns in terms of Authentication and Credentials of the user? What type of Multifactor authentication (MFA) you would recommend for the customers to access data in the cloud? The options for MFA. Please refer to the given CSA security guidance document Section 12.1.3.
Question 2: R&B E Company managers would like to have online customers access various sections of the website (Movie Soundtrack, Videos, and Pictures) by having only one account. R&B E has many products like videos from movie clips, pictures of movie stars in addition to sound files. They would like to let customers access their accounts from one central dashboard, enhancing their user experience. When shifting between each one (for example from the music section to the pictures section), the site should re-authenticate customers with the same credentials. What is your Identity as a Service solution for this case?
Question 3: R&B E Company managers would like to have customers be able to login into their system using their Facebook account credentials. R&B E IT system should use Facebook account credentials to identify the customer. What is your Identity as a Service solution for this case?
RULES FOR ASSIGNMENTS
While preparing your MS Word document, you should follow the posted assignment policy guidelines.
Make sure your MS Word document has all the required sections and address the questions based on the WUST Writing Standards Guide.
2
Go to the Amazon Web Service (AWS) website at the link below and look for a customer success story that interests you and write about it.
https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/?nc2=h_ql_le_css&customer-references-cards.sort-by=item.additionalFields.publishedDate&customer-references-cards.sort-order=desc&awsf.customer-references-location=location%23americas&awsf.customer-references-segment=customer-segment%23enterpriseLinks to an external site.
There are at least 50 there – so don’t choose the first one. Look at the other posts and choose different companies.
Select one company. Then go to that company’s website (the website of the “success story” company you chose above) and see if you can find some mention of their use of the cloud services at AWS and describe what you find.
Then answer the questions:
Question 1 What kind of AWS cloud service model does the company you selected to use?
Question 2 Is the cloud presence at AWS of your chosen company a MAJOR factor in the company’s success or a minor factor?
Question 3 How long has the company been using AWS cloud services?
Question 4 Do you think it was a good choice for this company to use cloud services or would they have been better off not using cloud services ( using their own data center)? Why?
3
Title: Cloud-Based Web application
You are part of a startup company. A startup company is a newly formed business with particular momentum behind it based on perceived demand for Web Based Software applications in one of the given fields below. The intention of your startup is to grow rapidly as a result of offering something that addresses a particular market gap in one of the following areas. Your team was tasked to Develop a new Cloud-Based Web application for Desktop and Mobile for one of the topics below.
A new Food delivery app
A new Dating App
A new Real Estate sales app
A new Healthcare application
Select just ONE of topic and then explain what this new application would do.
As a startup company, your team has limited resources ( less money and very small IT infrastructure ) .
Once you have done that, answer the following questions.
Question 1 What cloud service model you would use for this app when you are developing the software ?
Question 2 What cloud service model you would use so the customer can access to the software and use it?
Question 3 What cloud deployment model you would use to keep data and all transactions?
Requirements: 4 to 5 pages | .doc file

An Exciting Breakthrough in Harnessing Power from Photosynthesis
Scientists led by the University of Cambridge have made an exciting breakthrough in harnessing power from photosynthesis in a new and efficient way. Photosynthesis is a powerful chemical reaction that occurs in plants, and this research could one day become an important source of clean energy.
The Challenge of Extracting Energy from Photosynthesis
Extracting energy from the beginning of photosynthesis, where there is an explosion of energy, has proven to be impossible until now. Scientists have tried using lasers to capture what happens at the start of photosynthesis, and for the first time, they were able to see the working of the electronics of the cell.
The laser captured the electrons, which were then chaperoned out by a molecule. This approach allows for maximum efficiency, as taking the energy right from the beginning of the photosynthetic chain is the most efficient.
The Efficiency of Plants in Absorbing Sunlight
Plants are incredibly efficient at absorbing sunlight. They absorb 100% of light from the visible spectrum of the sun, compared to solar panels, which absorb nearly a third less. Plants use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen, making this process the basis of most life on Earth.
While plants use some of the captured energy for their own functions, not all of it is used. This excess energy, in the form of spare electrons, can potentially be harnessed for clean energy production.
The Potential of Plant-Based Solar Cells
The new energy harnessed from photosynthesis could be used to create solar panels or bioreactors. Plant-based solar cells have the advantage of being able to take carbon from the atmosphere, which traditional solar panels cannot do.
Implications for the Renewable Energy Sector
This breakthrough discovery could have significant implications for the renewable energy sector. By relying on plant-based energy, we could potentially power our devices using a clean and abundant energy source. However, further research and development are needed to scale up the technology and address factors like cost and efficiency.
Other Potential Applications of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis has been used for centuries to produce food, fuels, and useful materials. This new paradigm of using photosynthesis for electricity production and electronic processes opens up a whole new wave of possibilities.
Overall, this breakthrough in harnessing power from photosynthesis offers hope for a cleaner and more sustainable future.

Assessment Task
Students are advised to review and adhere to the submission requirements documented after the assessment task.
Introduction
In the last decade and with the appearance of Big Data, companies that stored details of their clients are interested in applying data analysis methods to understand the behaviour of their customers and to make predictions that may help in future campaigns, promotions, communication and investing.
An important multinational company that manages car showrooms around the world, hires you as Business Consultant and facilitates for you a folder that holds a database called “cars_database” which contains data about the company, and a diagram to understand the structure of the database. The company aims to get valuable information and advice for future steps in the business.
Assessment Details
As a Business Consultant, you are required to:
Extract information that you consider valuable for the business and represent with this at least 3 descriptive visualisations using Tableau. (10 marks)
Find the total number of employees the company has and display a visualisation in Tableau showing the staff per country. (10 marks)
Find two appropriate variables from different tables and extract the information to perform a linear regression model with that data identifying possible relationship between the variables (you can use Python or Excel to achieve this point). Explain the outcome and visualise the data using Tableau. (20 marks)
Use an appropriate visualisation in Tableau to show the stock available per line of products. (5 marks)
Use an appropriate visualisation to show the current order’s status. (5 marks)
Find out the nationalities that are buying the cars in the different offices. Visualise this in Tableau showing the proportion per nationality in each showroom.
Benchmarking is a common strategy in business to compare business processes and performance metrics. Use your data and try this strategy comparing the performance of this business with other car showrooms. Find suggestions/recommendations/weaknesses for this company based on the insights that you gained in the previous points. Write a report for the company that includes:
-Introduction to the car industry.
– The outcome of all the points requested by the company.
– Conclusions with your recommendations applying benchmarking. (25 marks)
8) Create a separate document where you add all the reasoning behind your steps, the challenges you faced and how you solved them. (10 marks)
Observations about the assessment:
– You must use different data manipulation clauses to extract the information (e.g., JOINS, WHERE, BETWEEN, LIKE, etc)
– All your steps and logic behind the report must be documented in a written separate file (PDF format).
– Variety of visualisations is expected. You are allowed to perform visualisations using Python as well.
– You can perform additional models extracting different information that the mentioned in the points. In your report, you may need to extract valuable insights for your analysis, and if that is the case, feel free to do so.
– Your report must contain a minimum of 1500 words.
Submission Requirements
All assessment submissions must meet the minimum requirements listed below. Failure to do so may have implications for the mark awarded.
All assessment submissions must:
Submission of a zip folder with the documentation of your report (PDF format), csv files extracted from MySQL, Jupyter Notebook file, and the document with the reasoning behind your tasks (PDF format).
Submission of a zip folder with the documentation of your job in PDF format and MySQL file containing the code.
The report must have a minimum of 1500 words.
Use Harvard Referencing when citing third party material.
Give this assignment bust couldn’t get right quote
https://www.expertsmind.com/library/find-the-total-number-of-employees-the-company-53478201.aspx
Can you do it for me i have low budget so please give me the quote accordingly else i have to go to another site i give only $10.
In this assignment, I approached the given task by breaking it down into smaller steps to understand and solve the problem effectively. Here is a detailed explanation of the steps I followed and the challenges I encountered along the way:
1. Understanding the Query: The provided query is selecting data from the “orders” table and grouping it by the “status” column. The goal is to count the occurrences of each status.
2. Identifying the Tables: I checked the database schema and found that the “orders” table is the main table for this query.
3. Selecting the Columns: The query specifies to select the “status” column and count the occurrences. I used the “COUNT()” function for this purpose.
4. Aliasing the Count Column: To provide a more descriptive output, I used an alias “Status Count” for the count column.
5. Grouping the Data: Since we want to count occurrences by status, I used the “GROUP BY” clause and specified the “status” column to group the data accordingly.
6. Writing Python Code : I understand requirement properly and load the data for further manipulation and use pandas, seaborn & matplotlib to draw different charts.

Introduction to Data Structures
Neso Academy
Welcome everyone, in this presentation we will be discussing the topic of data structures.
Introduction to Data Structures
In computer science, a data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and used efficiently. It is an essential concept in computer programming and plays a crucial role in the effective implementation of algorithms.
Real-Life Examples of Data Structures
Arrays: An array is a collection of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous memory locations. It is commonly used to represent tables, lists, and vectors.
Linked Lists: A linked list is a collection of nodes that contain data and a reference to the next node in the sequence. It is commonly used to implement queues, stacks, and graphs.
Trees: A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes that are connected by edges. It is commonly used to represent hierarchical relationships, such as the organization of files in a computer system.
Hash Tables: A hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. It is commonly used for efficient retrieval and storage of data, such as in database indexing.
Understanding data structures is crucial for developing efficient algorithms and software applications. By choosing the appropriate data structure for a given problem, developers can optimize performance and reduce meIntroduction to Data Structures
Neso Academy
Welcome everyone, in this presentation we will be discussing the topic of data structures.
Introduction to Data Structures
In computer science, a data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and used efficiently. It is an essential concept in computer programming and plays a crucial role in the effective implementation of algorithms.
Real-Life Examples of Data Structures
Arrays: An array is a collection of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous memory locations. It is commonly used to represent tables, lists, and vectors.
Linked Lists: A linked list is a collection of nodes that contain data and a reference to the next node in the sequence. It is commonly used to implement queues, stacks, and graphs.
Trees: A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes that are connected by edges. It is commonly used to represent hierarchical relationships, such as the organization of files in a computer system.
Hash Tables: A hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. It is commonly used for efficient retrieval and storage of data, such as in database indexing.
Understanding data structures is crucial for developing efficient algorithms and software applications. By choosing the appropriate data structure for a given problem, developers can optimize performance and reduce memory usage.mory usage.

Introduction to Data Structures
Neso Academy
Welcome everyone, in this presentation we will be discussing the topic of data structures.
Introduction to Data Structures
In computer science, a data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and used efficiently. It is an essential concept in computer programming and plays a crucial role in the effective implementation of algorithms.
Real-Life Examples of Data Structures
Arrays: An array is a collection of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous memory locations. It is commonly used to represent tables, lists, and vectors.
Linked Lists: A linked list is a collection of nodes that contain data and a reference to the next node in the sequence. It is commonly used to implement queues, stacks, and graphs.
Trees: A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes that are connected by edges. It is commonly used to represent hierarchical relationships, such as the organization of files in a computer system.
Hash Tables: A hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. It is commonly used for efficient retrieval and storage of data, such as in database indexing.
Understanding data structures is crucial for developing efficient algorithms and software applications. By choosing the appropriate data structure for a given problem, developers can optimize performance and reduce meIntroduction to Data Structures
Neso Academy
Welcome everyone, in this presentation we will be discussing the topic of data structures.
Introduction to Data Structures
In computer science, a data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and used efficiently. It is an essential concept in computer programming and plays a crucial role in the effective implementation of algorithms.
Real-Life Examples of Data Structures
Arrays: An array is a collection of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous memory locations. It is commonly used to represent tables, lists, and vectors.
Linked Lists: A linked list is a collection of nodes that contain data and a reference to the next node in the sequence. It is commonly used to implement queues, stacks, and graphs.
Trees: A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes that are connected by edges. It is commonly used to represent hierarchical relationships, such as the organization of files in a computer system.
Hash Tables: A hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. It is commonly used for efficient retrieval and storage of data, such as in database indexing.
Understanding data structures is crucial for developing efficient algorithms and software applications. By choosing the appropriate data structure for a given problem, developers can optimize performance and reduce memory usage.mory usage.

Introduction to Data Structures
Neso Academy
Welcome everyone, in this presentation we will be discussing the topic of data structures.
Introduction to Data Structures
In computer science, a data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and used efficiently. It is an essential concept in computer programming and plays a crucial role in the effective implementation of algorithms.
Real-Life Examples of Data Structures
Arrays: An array is a collection of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous memory locations. It is commonly used to represent tables, lists, and vectors.
Linked Lists: A linked list is a collection of nodes that contain data and a reference to the next node in the sequence. It is commonly used to implement queues, stacks, and graphs.
Trees: A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes that are connected by edges. It is commonly used to represent hierarchical relationships, such as the organization of files in a computer system.
Hash Tables: A hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. It is commonly used for efficient retrieval and storage of data, such as in database indexing.
Understanding data structures is crucial for developing efficient algorithms and software applications. By choosing the appropriate data structure for a given problem, developers can optimize performance and reduce meIntroduction to Data Structures
Neso Academy
Welcome everyone, in this presentation we will be discussing the topic of data structures.
Introduction to Data Structures
In computer science, a data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and used efficiently. It is an essential concept in computer programming and plays a crucial role in the effective implementation of algorithms.
Real-Life Examples of Data Structures
Arrays: An array is a collection of elements of the same type that are stored in contiguous memory locations. It is commonly used to represent tables, lists, and vectors.
Linked Lists: A linked list is a collection of nodes that contain data and a reference to the next node in the sequence. It is commonly used to implement queues, stacks, and graphs.
Trees: A tree is a hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes that are connected by edges. It is commonly used to represent hierarchical relationships, such as the organization of files in a computer system.
Hash Tables: A hash table is a data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function. It is commonly used for efficient retrieval and storage of data, such as in database indexing.
Understanding data structures is crucial for developing efficient algorithms and software applications. By choosing the appropriate data structure for a given problem, developers can optimize performance and reduce memory usage.mory usage.