Category: Anatomy

Edit
History:
Mr. P is 77 yrs old and is having urinary problems. He urinates more frequently than he did when he was younger, but he still can’t seem to fully empty his bladder. He has to get up several times at night to use the bathroom and it is exhausting him!
Physical exam: consider what exam would be helpful in determining his diagnosis
Labs: urinalysis is normal
Assessment: Urinary obstruction due to ______?
Instructions
Answer the following questions based on the scenario and article above and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a 1 scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers.
Trace the flow of urine from the collecting duct to the urethral meatus. Based on your knowledge of the male urinary tract, what normal organ is most likely obstructing the urinary outflow? Based on the anatomic location of this structure, how can this structure be examined? Based on your knowledge of anatomical differences, why are women more likely than men to get urinary tract infections? Predict the consequences of the inability to empty the bladder.

What is Glomerular Filtration? How is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) determined? What regulatory mechanisms help control and stabilize GFR?
Use 2 scholarly sources. APA format. Cited.
Reply post:
Glomerular filtration rate is a measurement of the volume of ultrafiltrate produced by all the nephrons in the kidneys every minute. This process is crucial for maintaining a balance between the removal of excess solutes and water from the blood while ensuring that essential substances are retained. The GFR rate is tightly regulated to ensure that the kidneys are functioning correctly and efficiently (Ditki.com, 2022).
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is constantly regulated and stabilized by two mechanisms: tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and the myogenic response. These mechanisms work together to ensure that GFR and distal salt delivery remain stable, even when blood pressure fluctuates (Saladin, 2020). This protects the kidney from the damaging effects of hypertension (Saladin, 2020). The myogenic response mechanism enables the kidney to maintain a consistent blood flow and glomerular capillary pressure in response to changes in the delivery of sodium chloride to the macula densa. When NaCl levels rise at the macula densa, the myogenic response of afferent arterioles constricts, lowering the single-nephron GFR. In tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), a rise in NaCl levels at the macula densa causes constriction of the glomerular afferent arteriole, which also lowers the single-nephron GFR (Saladin, 2020). These two mechanisms work in tandem to regulate GFR and protect the kidney from the harmful effects of hypertension.
Use 1 scholarly source. APA format. Cited.

Part A
This assignment consists of five questions. Each of your responses should be one or more paragraphs long, depending upon the depth of the question. An answer consisting of only a few short sentences is insufficient and will receive a poor grade. Be sure to cite any and all sources correctly so that your academic integrity is not called into question.
Copy the following questions, add your answers, and submit them below in one attached document.
1. Describe the different levels of organization within the peripheral nervous system. Why do you think there are multiple motor divisions but only one sensory division? 2. Describe the difference in the function of hyperpolarization in action potentials vs. hyperpolarization in graded potentials. 3. Explain the difference between an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse. Which types of tissues will use electrical synapses? Which tissues use chemical synapses? 4. Discuss the primary functions of cerebrospinal fluid. How does the arrangement of the CSF network facilitate the spread of diseases such as meningitis throughout the nervous system?
5. Chapter 12 discusses the importance of sleep to healthy human physiology. Discuss the stages of sleep and what consequences may result from interrupting sleep in various stages.
NOTE: Your essay answers to these questions MUST be in your own words. Do not copy/paste any text into your answers unless you are including a properly cited brief direct quotation. I am looking for your own explanations—this is your opportunity to demonstrate what you know about these topics. The best approach will be to pretend you are explaining things to someone you are tutoring.
Part B
What are some common misconceptions about the brain? Post what you know about one or more of these topics, or conduct some basic research and share what you learn: the reptilian brain, left/right brains, brain death, etc. Why do you think these ideas are perpetuated if they are inaccurate?
Original Post – Present your outside source(s) and then summarize, in your own words, the misconception that you researched and why people still believe it. Be sure to cite your source and include a link or copy/paste (References) a direct quotation from the most relevant portion of the source to enable your classmates to view and evaluate the information.

Initial post:
A nutrient is a substance in food that is used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair. During metabolism, substances inside body cells are constantly built up or broken down. Let’s start this week’s discussion with the definition and comparison of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipogenesis. Which is (are) likely to be occurring (1) shortly after a carbohydrate-rich meal and (2) just before waking up in the morning?
Use your own words. Use 2 scholarly sources. APA format. cited.
Reply post:
According to the text, “Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen; glycogenolysis is its hydrolysis (breakdown to glucose); and gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates, especially fats and proteins.” (Saladin, 2020 p. 641). It also says, “Synthesizing fats from other types of molecules is called lipogenesis,” (Saladin, 2020 p. 993). It could be known as triglyceride synthesis, as well. Now, glycogenesis is more likely to happen after eating a meal very rich in carbs, while gluconeogenesis is more likely to happen right before you wake up in the morning. NIH writes, “Lipogenesis encompasses the processes of fatty acid synthesis and subsequent triglyceride synthesis, and takes place in both liver and adipose tissue.” It’s also likely for lipogenesis to happen after eating a lot of carbs in one sitting. Use your own words. Use 1 scholarly source. APA format. cited.

Chukwu, M., Ehsan, P., Aburumman, R. N., Muthanna, S. I., Menon, S. R., Vithani, V., Sutariya, B., Montenegro, D. M., & Mohammed, L. (2023, March 17). Acute Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection: A Review of Risk Factors and Outcomes. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36301
Gudbjartsson, T., Ahlsson, A., Geirsson, A., Gunn, J., Hjortdal, V., Jeppsson, A., Mennander, A., Zindovic, I., & Olsson, C. (2019, September 23). Acute type A aortic dissection – a review. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 54(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14017431.2019.1660401
Kemp, W., Burns, D. K., & Brown, T. G. (2007). Pathology: The Big Picture. McGraw-Hill Professional. https://full-bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/97800…
Levy, D., Goyal, A., Grigorova, Y., Farci, F., & Le, J. K. (2023, April 23). Aortic Dissection. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441963/
I do have these 4 reference and need to fill the setudent project research log

Chukwu, M., Ehsan, P., Aburumman, R. N., Muthanna, S. I., Menon, S. R., Vithani, V., Sutariya, B., Montenegro, D. M., & Mohammed, L. (2023, March 17). Acute Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection: A Review of Risk Factors and Outcomes. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36301
Gudbjartsson, T., Ahlsson, A., Geirsson, A., Gunn, J., Hjortdal, V., Jeppsson, A., Mennander, A., Zindovic, I., & Olsson, C. (2019, September 23). Acute type A aortic dissection – a review. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 54(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14017431.2019.1660401
Kemp, W., Burns, D. K., & Brown, T. G. (2007). Pathology: The Big Picture. McGraw-Hill Professional. https://full-bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/97800…
Levy, D., Goyal, A., Grigorova, Y., Farci, F., & Le, J. K. (2023, April 23). Aortic Dissection. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441963/
I do have these 4 reference and need to fill the setudent project research log

Answer the following questions and save your responses in a Microsoft Word document. Provide a scholarly resource in APA format to support your answers.
Differentiate between anatomy and physiology.
Explain the characteristics of life.
What is homeostasis and why is it important?
Explain what happens in negative feedback regulation and give an example.
Explain what happens in positive feedback regulation and give an example.

The digestive system is composed of two parts: the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive structures. These two parts of the system work together to break down food into absorbable units and eliminate the non-digested material as feces. Let’s begin by identifying each of the organs in the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive structures.
Choose one organ/structure and post details about it to begin the discussion. Choose a different organ for each of your follow up posts to ensure everyone has an opportunity to contribute.
Use your own words. APA format. Use 2 scholarly sources. Cited.
Reply to dicussion:
Hello class!
The GI tract is in-charge of ingestion and digestion of food, nutrient absorption, secretion of water and enzymes, and defecation. Organs involved in the GI tract consists of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Most people care about their teeth for appearance, but do not know how valuable teeth are to digesting foods. Teeth contribute to mastication. Mastication is the act of chewing, and breaking down food into smaller, more digestible patterns. This is the first step of mechanical digestion. Without teeth foods such as meat and vegetables would not be digested properly. Adults have 32 teeth used for mastication of food. Each type/shape of tooth, has a different purpose. Incisors are shaped to the bite pieces of food, canines are shaped to pierce and shred meat, and molars are shaped to breakdown the food through crushing and grinding. Mastication relies on several other muscles in order to successfully breakdown the food. The tongue, buccinator, and orbicularis oris are needed to manipulate food and push it between the teeth creating the up-down grinding. Use your own words. APA format. Use 1 scholarly sources. Cited.

My topic is on DIABETES INSIPIDUS
APA 7th edition Title page:
This is a separate page by itself, with the following information centered in the middle of the page: course title, paper title, student’s name, instructor’s name, and date.
Description of Pathology:
Start the paper on a new page.
In this section, you will describe the pathology (statistics about it, background information, etc.). Give as much information as you can about it but be sure it is relevant information and not just filler. It should be a comprehensive introductory section of the condition in one to two paragraphs.
Normal anatomy of the major body system affected: In this section, you will describe what is considered normal anatomy for your particular pathophysiology. For example, if you are discussing a disease related to the brain, explain what is normal for the brain from an anatomical standpoint. You should show comprehensive knowledge of the fundamental concepts and communicate information using scientific vocabulary. There should be little to no discussion of the condition itself in this section.
Normal physiology of the major body system affected: In this section, you will be discussing physiology. Keep in mind that when describing physiology, it isn’t enough to merely provide a list of functions of the body system (Ex: Neurons send signals throughout the body), instead, you need to be able to describe how it does it. The how is the physiology. There should be little to no discussion of the condition itself in this section
Mechanism of Pathophysiology: This section is likely going to be the most in-depth and longest section. In this section, you will explain your particular pathophysiology from a scientific standpoint. In the previous two sections, you explained what is considered normal, in this section, you should describe what the pathophysiology is doing that is causing these issues, how the normal anatomy & physiology is affected/different in a person with your condition. You should show a thorough understanding of the anatomical and physiological changes contributing to the disease. Some good keywords to search for when doing your research might be “Pathology of __________”, Pathophysiology of __________.”
Prevention: In this section, you will explain how your pathophysiology could be prevented. This should outline possible prevention protocols, or clearly indicate if none is available based on the current scientific literature.
Treatment: In this section, you will explain how your pathophysiology is commonly treated. Provide possible treatment protocols for the condition based on current scientific literature. Be sure to bring in nursing relevant information and how you might be involved in the treatment of the condition.
Conclusion: Finally you should summarize your findings. All good research papers should include a conclusion where you wrap up and summarize all of the important points made in your paper.
References:
As with the Title page, this should be a separate page by itself.
All references should be included in correct and complete APA format.
All references must be cited appropriately in the paper using APA-style in-text citations.
A minimum of three reputable sources are required for this assignmen
Title page
Description of Pathology
The body of the paper should include the following sections:Normal Anatomy of the body system
Normal Physiology of the body system
Mechanism of Pathology
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusion
Reference page
Between 4-6 full pages of content, double-spaced – Title page and the Reference page (both on separate pages) do NOT contribute to page count. Use of images/tables/diagrams will not count for total page number either. Be sure to include in-text citations where appropriate. You should have a minimum of one in-text for every final reference you have listed. A minimum of three reputable sources are required for this assignment. All sources need to be cited properly in APA format – in-text citations and references
Times New Roman, 12 pt. font

One of the main themes of this course (as well as the entire A&P series) is the relationship between structure and function (i.e. anatomy and physiology). You are currently learning about the structure and functions of joints. In this discussion, address the following topics:
How does the structure of a joint play a role in its stability?
How does the function of a joint play a role in its mobility?
How does stability relate to mobility?
Propose a rationale for why shoulder dislocations are the most common type of joint injury?
Use your own words. APA format. Use 2 scholarly sources and cite them. I will post the discussion that needs to be replied to after this is answered.