Category: American Studies

Answer each of the following in at least 100 words. Support/illustrate your ideas and conclusions with specific evidence from the historical documents.
When and why did the Virginia colony create an enslaved labor system? What role did Bacon’s Rebellion play?
Which three events between 1607 and 1763 would you say were the most influential in the creation of a distinctly “American” identity? Why did you choose these three?
Suppose George Hewes, Paul Revere, and Captain John Parker could tweet their experiences in the Boston Tea Party, “Midnight Ride,” and the Battle of Lexington, respectively. What would each tweet, and why?

Answer each of the following in at least 100 words. Support/illustrate your ideas and conclusions with specific evidence from the historical documents.
When and why did the Virginia colony create an enslaved labor system? What role did Bacon’s Rebellion play?
Which three events between 1607 and 1763 would you say were the most influential in the creation of a distinctly “American” identity? Why did you choose these three?
Suppose George Hewes, Paul Revere, and Captain John Parker could tweet their experiences in the Boston Tea Party, “Midnight Ride,” and the Battle of Lexington, respectively. What would each tweet, and why?

For this discussion, you will consider the extent to which the American Revolution was a radical moment in American history. Attached to this discussion forum is a packet that includes both primary and secondary material excerpts for you to probe in conjunction with your background reading of Chapter 6 in American Promise on the American Revolution.
Please craft an original post for this forum in which you offer your position on the radicalism of the Revolution (the degree to which the Revolution represented a significant shift in specific ways from the period before). Provide evidence for your view from the packet provided (or other resources you identify). You may take a clear position on this topic that leans in one direction or offer a more nuanced position. Just make sure you offer evidence and elaboration to strengthen your position. I am excited to see what you say about this important topic!
Submit an original response to this forum by the deadline.

Empire of Liberty, Chapter 3 The Federalist Program
Chapter 3 (Choose 5 of the 6 questions to answer)
Why was the nation’s “credit” so important to Hamilton and what did he plan to do about it?
Does Wood think Hamilton’s plan was appropriate for America at the time? Why or why not?
How did patronage and hierarchy fit into the new government?
What security threats did the U.S. face and what was the Federalist plan for the military?
Who were the competing interest groups in the West?
How did White and Native American ideas about land differ, and how did this affect their relationships?
.read chapter 3 from the aricle below

Empire of Liberty, Chapter 3 The Federalist Program
Chapter 3 (Choose 5 of the 6 questions to answer)
Why was the nation’s “credit” so important to Hamilton and what did he plan to do about it?
Does Wood think Hamilton’s plan was appropriate for America at the time? Why or why not?
How did patronage and hierarchy fit into the new government?
What security threats did the U.S. face and what was the Federalist plan for the military?
Who were the competing interest groups in the West?
How did White and Native American ideas about land differ, and how did this affect their relationships?

Analyze and articulate core concepts of Ethnic Studies, including but not limited to race and ethnicity, racialization, equity, ethnocentrism, Eurocentrism, and white supremacy. For this assignment, you will write a half page response to terms identified for this course. The topics to be analyzed are listed in the Student Learning Outcomes for Ethnic Studies 101, number 1, listed below. Analyze and then write in your own words your comprehension which will be used throughout the semester.
Guidelines:
Prompt- Write half a page, use module on
Hawaii: The Midpoint
The Big Island
Julian Camacho Pictures of the Big Island: Road to Hilo, Kilauea US National Park

Hawaii is not part of Greater Asian Cultures
It’s its own Pacific Ocean Volcano Island Cultures
However, it was a midpoint for Asians coming to the Mainland USA:
The Chinese first arrived to Hawaii in 1778- Sandalwood was exported to China called “Tan Heung Shan”
From 1852 to 1899 46,000 Chinese immigrated to Hawaii
Most came as laborers for the sugar plantations and most were from Fukien as well as other Hakka people
Many remained and hence Chinatown was born in Honolulu
They were Buddhist, Taoist or Confucinist but many converted to Protestantism with the American Missionaries
Most adopted the Hawaiian language after a few generations
Both Hawaiians & Chinese then came under the Colonialism brought upon by the United States
The United States Americanization focused on the following:
New Language Imposition (English)
European Customs & Traditions from music to art
Change in attire
Protestantism (Distinct from Catholicism)
Forced Labor in Agriculture
Corporal Punishments
Assimilation
Forced Americanization was done with Protestant Missionaries and protection of US military in Northern Mexico across the Pacific Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands. This is defined in SLO #1 as examples of racialization because skin color mattered but so did Eurocentrism, as European ideals became the new norm and white supremacy is now part of the new society. For many, Americanization is still colonialism especially in Hawaii where there is a push to bring back Hawaiian language, customs, control of schools with a focus on culture and even flying the Hawaiian flag as a form of self determination.
Why Hawaii:
Pacific Ocean Location Served as a Naval Base half way to Asia: China and Japan
US Wanted Access to China Market of 400,000,000 Consumers
US was aware of other European Powers Partitioning China, wanted to be included
American Missionaries & Pineapple Plantation Owners wanted US annexation
Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 eliminated sugar tariffs and brought Hawaii closer to the US as a territory
Fear of Japan Invasion
Japanese in Hawaii:
Arrive after Chinese
First arrived to Hawaii in 1885, 900 men, women arrived later as picture brides, not US territory yet (1898)
Previous Japanese immigration to Hawaii was in 1868 known as the Gannenmoro: (142, 6 were women) People of the first year of the Meiji Period, many were abused in their labor contract and 50 returned by 1870 others stay and some died, many married Hawaiian women
This era was known as Hawaiian Monarchy until overthrow in 1893
Most came from Southern Japan:Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Kumamoto(1900) later Okinawa (Not Japanese-Ryukyu: distinct people more associated to Chinese–not part of Japan until 1879) RyukyuLinks to an external site.
Identified as Issei- first to arrive to Hawaii then Nisei those born in Hawaii or US mainland
Worked in sugar cane & pineapple plantations-actively recruited to Hawaii
Brought sushi and ramen as well as a noodle dish called saimin, rice, macaroni, pig’s feet soup, teriyaki, tempura and musubi (made with eel, tuna, beef made with rice—white and brown) later to be mixed with spam
Became second largest Ethnic group in Hawaii—43% of Hawaii pop by 1920
https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/05/aan…
Background of Hawaiian Culture
Hawaiian History
-Hawaiian Islands consist of Kaua’i, O’ahu, Maui, Lana’i, Moloka’i, and Hawai’i which are the tips of volcanoes born thousands of years ago-
-Volcanoes make the islands fertile and nature provides clouds which is their water source as well as rain—nature is their Gods: Ku, Kane, Kanaloa and Lono.Pele is God of Fire
-Hawaiians were both farmers poi, ginger, sugar, banana, coconuts, sweet potato, breadfruit and fishermen. Macadamian nuts is more of the 20th century, came from Australia, Pineapples were in Hawaii from centuries before, believe they came from Spanish ships, pinas are part of cactus family believed to come from Veracruz area of Mexico. Still grown there.
-When first European James Cook made contact the islands were full of Hawaiians though not all islands were under one ruler—Hawaiian pop is 800,000 plus but many die from European diseases
-Centuries before, when water level was lower, there was a land bridge between Maui and O’ahu
-In 1790 at Battle of Kepaniwai there was a battle near Kahului on Maui with Hawai’l Big Island Forces
-Five years later 1795 Battle of Nu’uanu near the Diamond Head volcano known as the southern shore under King Kamehameha where the islands were united.Contact was maintained through canoes made from sandalwood trees from the islands and paddled by the men
-For the next 100 years 1795-1874—Kamehameha Dynasty rules—the name Kamehameha is a popular name for schools and other public entities
-Sandalwood was the first commodity by outsiders especially in Asia later sugar
-Lahaina becomes capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1820-1845 in Maui on the eastern side of the island—most beautiful town in Maui then Honolulu by 1845
-First missionaries arrive in 1820 to convert to Christianity and in 1835 first sugar plantation is established on Kaua’i. They came from Boston, destroyed many ancient altars and temples and built Christian churches. Hawaiians converted and learned a written language English—before is was memory, word of mouth
-Hawaii did not have the concept of ownership of land but increased sugar production led to recruitment of people from China then others followed from Japan, Korea, Philippines…Japanese become majority of Asian population in Hawaii
-Asians also brought Buddism to the islands and worked in sugar cane fields, pineapple plantations Del Monte popular, later coffee also brought to Hawaii from Mexico through Spanish galleons..Coffee grown on Pacific side of Mexico in area known as Nayarit
-Image below describes the fear of European Cultures have of East Asia
-Kamehameha dynasty ends in 1874 and in 1891 Queen Lili’uokalani takes power but in 1893 is over thrown through American sugar planters and missionaries through the Marines
-by 1898 annexed by the US through the Newlands Resolution, by 1900 through the Organic Act establishes the Territory of Hawaii
-Later on Hawaii becomes a military outpost as a territory of the US and a vacation destination site which it is today
-Whites are known as haoles, kama’aina for those not born there but have lived there and Hawaiian refers to race only, not where they are
-Taught the US the art of surfing by Duke Kahanamoku and other countries, Olympic Swimmer too…Swimming was an activity all Hawaiians engaged in because they were surrounded by the Pacific Ocean..Missionaries attempted to abolish surfing. Waikiki beach was his playground…..
-Arrived to California by other Hawaiians in 1885, surfboards made out of redwood in Santa Cruz region by 3 cousins.Later in Venice and Huntington Beach by another Hawaiian Irish man named George Freeth who was hired by Henry Huntington to give shows for tourist.Surfing comes from Hawaiians, Duke Kahanamoku is most famous of surfers who was also Olympic swimmer and actor.
-Lastly, Hawaiian cowboys are known as The Paniolo were introduced to cattle by Captain Jame Vancouver in 1793.In 1812, Kauikeaouli Kamehameha III brought in Mexican vaqueros from California to teach Hawaiians how to rope, slaughter, breed, cure hides, fence, grass and how to work with horses. Hawaiians loved it and grew cattle culture—couldn’t say espanhol so they would say Paniolo. Makawao in Maui on slopes of Haleakala Volcano is their center.
-United States conquers another group of Native non-White people!
-Mormons went to the Mexican Province of Yutah because they were fleeing the US over their polygamous practice and given permission by Mexico City in 1840s, afterwards missionization has been a constant which is how they expand to the South Pacific.
Mormon Temple in Cedar City, Utah.
-In the current era of groups some Asian Americans consider Hawaiians to be part of the larger Asian American family but they are different and not the same
-However, Asian Americans such as Japanese Am, Chinese Am and Filipinos are a large part of the Hawaiian Islands residents today and as the image of a Buddhist Temple and Statue indicates a lived Hawaiian Island Existence
-Asians comprise 38% of the total Hawaii Islands residents with Chinese at 4.7% (199,000 pop) mainly Cantonese from Zhongshan in Guangdong, Japanese Americans 14% (312,000 pop), Filipinos outnumber Japanese Americans with a population of 342,000 (16%) according to the 2010 US Census Bureau.
-Combined they outnumber all groups including Whites (336,000) and Native Hawaiians (289,000)
-Most live in Honolulu County, therefore Hawaii is both Asian American dominant in population along with Whites
https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/09/16/…
https://news.yahoo.com/maui-hate-crime-case-spotli…
https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2023/03/05/a…

Read and answer questions: Daniel R. Griesmer, ““Bettering Our Circumstances”: Settler Colonialism in Ohio During the 1780s,” Ohio History 124 (Feb 2017): 22-40.
Reading Questions: [Grading rubric: 5 is extremely thorough and thoughtful, 4 is adequate, 3 is sparse, 2 is incomplete; 0-1 is missing/unsatisfactory]
-What problems did the Confederation Congress face in Ohio?
-What is settler colonialism and what were its goals in America?
-Why did the Confederation Congress prohibit settlement on Indian lands and what were the consequences? (27)
-What happened when the Shawnee chief Mountha tried to use the “chain of friendship?” (34)
-What was the impact of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Analyze and articulate core concepts of Ethnic Studies, including but not limited to race and ethnicity, racialization, equity, ethnocentrism, Eurocentrism, and white supremacy. For this assignment, you will write a half page response to terms identified for this course. The topics to be analyzed are listed in the Student Learning Outcomes for Ethnic Studies 101, number 1, listed below. Analyze and then write in your own words your comprehension which will be used throughout the semester.
Guidelines:
Prompt- Write half a page, use module on
Hawaii: The Midpoint
The Big Island
Julian Camacho Pictures of the Big Island: Road to Hilo, Kilauea US National Park

Hawaii is not part of Greater Asian Cultures
It’s its own Pacific Ocean Volcano Island Cultures
However, it was a midpoint for Asians coming to the Mainland USA:
The Chinese first arrived to Hawaii in 1778- Sandalwood was exported to China called “Tan Heung Shan”
From 1852 to 1899 46,000 Chinese immigrated to Hawaii
Most came as laborers for the sugar plantations and most were from Fukien as well as other Hakka people
Many remained and hence Chinatown was born in Honolulu
They were Buddhist, Taoist or Confucinist but many converted to Protestantism with the American Missionaries
Most adopted the Hawaiian language after a few generations
Both Hawaiians & Chinese then came under the Colonialism brought upon by the United States
The United States Americanization focused on the following:
New Language Imposition (English)
European Customs & Traditions from music to art
Change in attire
Protestantism (Distinct from Catholicism)
Forced Labor in Agriculture
Corporal Punishments
Assimilation
Forced Americanization was done with Protestant Missionaries and protection of US military in Northern Mexico across the Pacific Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands. This is defined in SLO #1 as examples of racialization because skin color mattered but so did Eurocentrism, as European ideals became the new norm and white supremacy is now part of the new society. For many, Americanization is still colonialism especially in Hawaii where there is a push to bring back Hawaiian language, customs, control of schools with a focus on culture and even flying the Hawaiian flag as a form of self determination.
Why Hawaii:
Pacific Ocean Location Served as a Naval Base half way to Asia: China and Japan
US Wanted Access to China Market of 400,000,000 Consumers
US was aware of other European Powers Partitioning China, wanted to be included
American Missionaries & Pineapple Plantation Owners wanted US annexation
Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 eliminated sugar tariffs and brought Hawaii closer to the US as a territory
Fear of Japan Invasion
Japanese in Hawaii:
Arrive after Chinese
First arrived to Hawaii in 1885, 900 men, women arrived later as picture brides, not US territory yet (1898)
Previous Japanese immigration to Hawaii was in 1868 known as the Gannenmoro: (142, 6 were women) People of the first year of the Meiji Period, many were abused in their labor contract and 50 returned by 1870 others stay and some died, many married Hawaiian women
This era was known as Hawaiian Monarchy until overthrow in 1893
Most came from Southern Japan:Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Kumamoto(1900) later Okinawa (Not Japanese-Ryukyu: distinct people more associated to Chinese–not part of Japan until 1879) RyukyuLinks to an external site.
Identified as Issei- first to arrive to Hawaii then Nisei those born in Hawaii or US mainland
Worked in sugar cane & pineapple plantations-actively recruited to Hawaii
Brought sushi and ramen as well as a noodle dish called saimin, rice, macaroni, pig’s feet soup, teriyaki, tempura and musubi (made with eel, tuna, beef made with rice—white and brown) later to be mixed with spam
Became second largest Ethnic group in Hawaii—43% of Hawaii pop by 1920
https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/05/aan…
Background of Hawaiian Culture
Hawaiian History
-Hawaiian Islands consist of Kaua’i, O’ahu, Maui, Lana’i, Moloka’i, and Hawai’i which are the tips of volcanoes born thousands of years ago-
-Volcanoes make the islands fertile and nature provides clouds which is their water source as well as rain—nature is their Gods: Ku, Kane, Kanaloa and Lono.Pele is God of Fire
-Hawaiians were both farmers poi, ginger, sugar, banana, coconuts, sweet potato, breadfruit and fishermen. Macadamian nuts is more of the 20th century, came from Australia, Pineapples were in Hawaii from centuries before, believe they came from Spanish ships, pinas are part of cactus family believed to come from Veracruz area of Mexico. Still grown there.
-When first European James Cook made contact the islands were full of Hawaiians though not all islands were under one ruler—Hawaiian pop is 800,000 plus but many die from European diseases
-Centuries before, when water level was lower, there was a land bridge between Maui and O’ahu
-In 1790 at Battle of Kepaniwai there was a battle near Kahului on Maui with Hawai’l Big Island Forces
-Five years later 1795 Battle of Nu’uanu near the Diamond Head volcano known as the southern shore under King Kamehameha where the islands were united.Contact was maintained through canoes made from sandalwood trees from the islands and paddled by the men
-For the next 100 years 1795-1874—Kamehameha Dynasty rules—the name Kamehameha is a popular name for schools and other public entities
-Sandalwood was the first commodity by outsiders especially in Asia later sugar
-Lahaina becomes capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1820-1845 in Maui on the eastern side of the island—most beautiful town in Maui then Honolulu by 1845
-First missionaries arrive in 1820 to convert to Christianity and in 1835 first sugar plantation is established on Kaua’i. They came from Boston, destroyed many ancient altars and temples and built Christian churches. Hawaiians converted and learned a written language English—before is was memory, word of mouth
-Hawaii did not have the concept of ownership of land but increased sugar production led to recruitment of people from China then others followed from Japan, Korea, Philippines…Japanese become majority of Asian population in Hawaii
-Asians also brought Buddism to the islands and worked in sugar cane fields, pineapple plantations Del Monte popular, later coffee also brought to Hawaii from Mexico through Spanish galleons..Coffee grown on Pacific side of Mexico in area known as Nayarit
-Image below describes the fear of European Cultures have of East Asia
-Kamehameha dynasty ends in 1874 and in 1891 Queen Lili’uokalani takes power but in 1893 is over thrown through American sugar planters and missionaries through the Marines
-by 1898 annexed by the US through the Newlands Resolution, by 1900 through the Organic Act establishes the Territory of Hawaii
-Later on Hawaii becomes a military outpost as a territory of the US and a vacation destination site which it is today
-Whites are known as haoles, kama’aina for those not born there but have lived there and Hawaiian refers to race only, not where they are
-Taught the US the art of surfing by Duke Kahanamoku and other countries, Olympic Swimmer too…Swimming was an activity all Hawaiians engaged in because they were surrounded by the Pacific Ocean..Missionaries attempted to abolish surfing. Waikiki beach was his playground…..
-Arrived to California by other Hawaiians in 1885, surfboards made out of redwood in Santa Cruz region by 3 cousins.Later in Venice and Huntington Beach by another Hawaiian Irish man named George Freeth who was hired by Henry Huntington to give shows for tourist.Surfing comes from Hawaiians, Duke Kahanamoku is most famous of surfers who was also Olympic swimmer and actor.
-Lastly, Hawaiian cowboys are known as The Paniolo were introduced to cattle by Captain Jame Vancouver in 1793.In 1812, Kauikeaouli Kamehameha III brought in Mexican vaqueros from California to teach Hawaiians how to rope, slaughter, breed, cure hides, fence, grass and how to work with horses. Hawaiians loved it and grew cattle culture—couldn’t say espanhol so they would say Paniolo. Makawao in Maui on slopes of Haleakala Volcano is their center.
-United States conquers another group of Native non-White people!
-Mormons went to the Mexican Province of Yutah because they were fleeing the US over their polygamous practice and given permission by Mexico City in 1840s, afterwards missionization has been a constant which is how they expand to the South Pacific.
Mormon Temple in Cedar City, Utah.
-In the current era of groups some Asian Americans consider Hawaiians to be part of the larger Asian American family but they are different and not the same
-However, Asian Americans such as Japanese Am, Chinese Am and Filipinos are a large part of the Hawaiian Islands residents today and as the image of a Buddhist Temple and Statue indicates a lived Hawaiian Island Existence
-Asians comprise 38% of the total Hawaii Islands residents with Chinese at 4.7% (199,000 pop) mainly Cantonese from Zhongshan in Guangdong, Japanese Americans 14% (312,000 pop), Filipinos outnumber Japanese Americans with a population of 342,000 (16%) according to the 2010 US Census Bureau.
-Combined they outnumber all groups including Whites (336,000) and Native Hawaiians (289,000)
-Most live in Honolulu County, therefore Hawaii is both Asian American dominant in population along with Whites
https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/09/16/…
https://news.yahoo.com/maui-hate-crime-case-spotli…
https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2023/03/05/a…

Read and answer questions: Daniel R. Griesmer, ““Bettering Our Circumstances”: Settler Colonialism in Ohio During the 1780s,” Ohio History 124 (Feb 2017): 22-40.
Reading Questions: [Grading rubric: 5 is extremely thorough and thoughtful, 4 is adequate, 3 is sparse, 2 is incomplete; 0-1 is missing/unsatisfactory]
-What problems did the Confederation Congress face in Ohio?
-What is settler colonialism and what were its goals in America?
-Why did the Confederation Congress prohibit settlement on Indian lands and what were the consequences? (27)
-What happened when the Shawnee chief Mountha tried to use the “chain of friendship?” (34)
-What was the impact of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

I. Identification (40 POINTS): Write a brief paragraph (one per term) identifying FOUR of the following terms, people or concepts using the primary documents that you have read for this course as the basis for the identification. To receive full credit, each paragraph should include 1) who or what the term refers to, 2) an approximate date within a decade, and 3) the historical significance of the subject in legal and constitutional history.
What is a good ID?
Susan Englander, renowned history professor in the 2010s, was a transplant to California in the 1970s. She attended San Francisco State in the 1980s and UCLA in the 1990s in US History, receiving her Ph.D. Her impact on history lies in the fact that she believes that anyone can be a historian and tell the story of their own and others’ lives. She has taught using this philosophy for 30 years and hopes that her students believe this as well. This way, the stories of average Californians will become heard and known. She plans to do this for a very long time.
Sociological jurisprudence Allgeyer v. Louisiana Separate but equal
Schechter v. US Holden v Hardy US v. Abrams
Equal Rights Amendment NIRA Butler v. US
Hammer v. Dagenhart Amendment XVII Adkins v. Childrens Hosptial
John Marshall Harlan Bradwell v. The State Lockner v. New York
Police power US vs. E.C. Knight Jacobsen v. Massachusetts
Essay Question (60 POINTS): CHOOSE ONE
Progressive reform had a significant effect on US constitutionalism from the 1880s through the 1930s. What was the result of this reform on four Supreme Court decisions and laws? Identify the underlying progressive ideas that influenced these decisions and laws. Use the first paragraph to introduce your essay. The following four paragraphs will deal with documents that we have read and/or discussed in class, one per paragraph. Your final paragraph will be your conclusion. The best essay has a point of view or argument which is laid out in the first paragraph and relies on the documents to make your case. Remember to date your documents within the decade in which they occur. Be sure to space out your documents so that you include the entire time period that the first part of the class covers.
The Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified in 1868 as one of the post-Civil War measures. The next fifty years brought many changes in the interpretation of this amendment with regard to civil rights and to an increasingly industrial and urban nation. Identify four Supreme Court cases from this time period that demonstrate this. Be specific regarding the case, its decade, and its impact on the amendment’s interpretation. Use the first paragraph to introduce your essay. The following four paragraphs will deal with documents that we have read and/or discussed in class, one per paragraph. Your final paragraph will be your conclusion. The best essay has a point of view or argument which is laid out in the first paragraph and relies on the documents to make your case. Remember to date your documents within the decade. in which they occur. Be sure to space out your documents so that you include the entire time period that the first part of the class covers.
EXTRA CREDIT – Why do you support or not support Muller v. Oregon? Choose and write (5 points).
( PLease let me know if you need any additional information.)