PEDIATRIC CONDITIONS: need diagnostic tests, treatment and possible presentation (symptoms) for each one of them.

• Asthma
• Bronchiolitis
• Chickenpox
• Cold
• Cough
• Croup
• Diarrhea and vomiting
• Fever in children
• Earache
• Measles
• Mumps
• Roseola
• Rubella
• Skin rashes in babies
• Skin rashes in children
• Scarlet fever
• Sore throat
• Whooping cough
• Urinary tract infections in children
• Pink Eye
• Stomach flu
• Strep throat

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• Pediatric Conditions – Diagnostic Tests, Treatments, and Symptoms

  Condition	Symptoms/Presentation	Diagnostic Tests	Treatment
  Asthma	Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing (worse at night/exercise)	Spirometry, peak flow monitoring, response to bronchodilator	Inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators (albuterol), trigger avoidance
  Bronchiolitis	Coughing, wheezing, nasal congestion, difficulty breathing (infants)	Nasal swab (RSV), pulse oximetry, chest X-ray (if severe)	Supportive: hydration, oxygen, nasal suctioning; no antibiotics
  Chickenpox	Itchy rash → red spots → blisters → scabs, fever, tiredness	Clinical diagnosis (appearance), PCR or direct fluorescent antibody (if needed)	Antihistamines for itch, acetaminophen for fever, antiviral (acyclovir if severe)
  Cold (Common Cold)	Runny/stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat, mild cough	Clinical diagnosis	Supportive: fluids, rest, saline drops, humidifier
  Cough	Dry or wet, may follow cold or be due to asthma/infection	Based on history/exam, chest X-ray if persistent/severe	Treat underlying cause (e.g., asthma meds, fluids, humidifier)
  Croup	Barking cough, stridor, hoarseness, fever	Clinical diagnosis, neck X-ray (“steeple sign” in severe cases)	Steroids (dexamethasone), nebulized epinephrine (if severe), humidified air
  Diarrhea and Vomiting	Loose stools, nausea, dehydration signs (dry mouth, sunken eyes)	Stool culture (if bloody/fever), rotavirus testing, electrolytes	Oral rehydration, probiotics, IV fluids if dehydrated
  Fever in Children	Elevated temp >100.4°F, often with other symptoms	Rectal/axillary/oral temp, urine/stool/blood cultures (if indicated)	Antipyretics (acetaminophen/ibuprofen), treat cause
  Earache (Otitis media)	Ear pain, tugging at ear, irritability, sometimes fever	Otoscopic exam (bulging/red tympanic membrane), tympanometry	Pain relief, antibiotics (amoxicillin) if bacterial
  Measles	High fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, rash	Measles-specific IgM or PCR	Supportive care, vitamin A, isolation; vaccine-preventable
  Mumps	Swollen parotid glands, fever, headache, muscle aches	Clinical, mumps IgM or PCR from saliva	Supportive: fluids, rest, pain relief; vaccine-preventable
  Roseola	Sudden high fever for 3–5 days → rash appears as fever subsides	Clinical diagnosis	Supportive: antipyretics for fever
  Rubella	Mild fever, rash starting on face, lymphadenopathy	Rubella IgM or PCR	Supportive; prevent with MMR vaccine
  Skin Rashes in Babies	Diaper rash, eczema, heat rash, milia, cradle cap	Clinical exam	Depends on cause: barrier creams, antihistamines, antifungals
  Skin Rashes in Children	Chickenpox, measles, fifth disease, allergic rash	Clinical diagnosis, sometimes allergy testing	Depends on cause: antihistamines, antivirals, hydration
  Scarlet Fever	Sore throat, fever, sandpaper-like rash, strawberry tongue	Rapid strep test/throat culture	Antibiotics (penicillin/amoxicillin)
  Sore Throat	Pain, difficulty swallowing, fever	Rapid strep test/throat culture	Viral: supportive; Strep: antibiotics
  Whooping Cough (Pertussis)	Severe coughing fits, “whoop” sound, post-cough vomiting	Nasopharyngeal PCR or culture	Azithromycin, supportive care, vaccine-preventable
  UTI in Children	Fever, crying while urinating, bedwetting, abdominal pain	Urinalysis, urine culture	Antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins); encourage fluids
  Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)	Red eyes, discharge, itching, crusting	Clinical diagnosis; culture if recurrent	Bacterial: antibiotic drops; viral: supportive; allergic: antihistamines
  Stomach Flu (Gastroenteritis)	Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever	Stool test (if needed), assess hydration	Rehydration, electrolyte replacement, rest
  Strep Throat	Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, no cough	Rapid antigen test, throat culture	Antibiotics (penicillin/amoxicillin)