ANSWER BOTH PARTS “Broken Windows” by Wilson and Kelling shaped a generation of

ANSWER BOTH PARTS
“Broken Windows” by Wilson and Kelling shaped a generation of policing theory. It brought about a major philosophical shift in policing. Much of the research generated in the 1960’s and 1970’s argued that law enforcement had a minimum effect on deterring crime,which people believed was caused by sociological factors (Sociological theory). Wilson and Kelling argued that deterring small crimes would also deter larger crimes because broken windows, graffiti and urban decay (literally) or minor infractions (metaphorically) gave the impression that no one was watching or cared and that there would be impunity and no consequences for any transgressions.
Wilson and Kelling argued that in order to stop the large crimes, police should first stop the small crimes so that citizens would feel safe. This inevitably transformed into “broken windows policing” whereby minor violations that had previously been tolerated such as jumping the turnstile, squeegiemen, being in a park after dark, smoking marijuana or drinking in public would be enforced by stop and frisk and subsequent arrests. The idea was that by casting a wider net, (some may say a “dragnet”) police would have more reasons to encounter potential criminals and detect serious crimes; people with warrants for violent crimes, weapons, felony weight drugs. https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-break-the-broken-windows-spell-20190526-ulwcdd7fnjg4fgv6dnskls6vhi-story.html
While New York City argues that is has moved away from this philosophy of “broken windows policing” some argue that stop and frisk was not the logical conclusion of broken windows and much of the nuance was lost. For example, what do Wilson and Kelling say about the cops on the “beat” in Newark and how they should enforce the local norms like drinking from a paper bag? Do they argue that it should always be an arrestable offense, as it became in NYC? The article was as much an argument for a return to community policing and foot patrol or “beat cops” that largely disappeared between 1940-1990 after the invention of the Radio Motor Patrol “RMP”.
Answer the following questions:
1) Outline the general argument of Wilson and Kelling’s Broken Windows. Do you agree or disagree with their theories? Which parts do you find most or least convincing?
2) Was “broken windows policing” in New York a perversion of Wilson and Kelling’s theory, or was it the logical conclusion of said theory?
3) What are the costs of “broken windows policing” and heavy enforcement in terms of police community relations and public trust?
THEN,
Chapter 3 of your Textbook “Crime: The Search For Understanding” talks about the three schools of Criminology, the Classical School, the Positivist School and the Chicago School of Criminology. Compare and contrast these three theories and watch the two PBS Films for this week “The Interrupters” and “The Stickup Kid” and apply one of these schools and their included theories (whether biological, psychological, sociological, or free will) to the films and argue which you think best explains the subject’s criminality.
Did these films challenge your understanding of why people commit crimes? Given that these theories argue that there are different causes of crimes, they imply different treatments to crime. For example if the causes are psychological this may require better social services and mental health counseling. Based on the theory you picked, how can society best address crime and aim to prevent or deter it in the future?
FOR ACCESS TO TEXTBOOK,