�‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍��Europeanisation’, a model propounded in Robert Bartlett’s

�‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍��Europeanisation’, a model propounded in Robert Bartlett’s classic Making of Europe, is the process by which the cultures of central and western Europe apparently converged in the twelfth and thirteenth century. This occurred, so it is argued, mainly (though not exclusively) through the expansion of the dominant cultures of the former Carolingian Empire, northern France, western Germany and the Low Countries into places like Scotland, Ireland, Bohemia, Poland, etc. So the quest‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍ion asks you to think about ‘convergences’ relevant to Scotland, for instance aristocratic culture (knights, castles, heraldry, etc), church organisation (parish and diocese system, relationship with papacy), reformed religious houses, personal names, trade and towns, etc (see Bartlett for canonical list); to think about them, but also to evaluate their significance (towns did make Scotland more ‘European’, for instance, and they were very important/were not very important/e‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍tc, and so on).