A‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍ student post this as a discussion, please reply with 1 up

A‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍ student post this as a discussion, please reply with 1 up to date reference. Unit 7 Discussion – Brachial Plexus Injury The brachial plexus is an intricate network of nerves that innervate the musculature and skin of the shoulder and arm that originates at the cervical and thoracic spine (Bromberg, 2021). The nerve roots that create the brachial plexus are located from C5 through T1 and can be divided into regions that include trunks, divisions, cords, branches, and nerves. C5 and C6 roots from the upper trunk, the C7 root form the middle trunk, and the C8 and T1 roots form the lower trunk. Pathophysiology Various etiologies may affect normal focal nerve function related to the brachial plexus. Compression is one of the more common etiologies and can occur at any site of entrapment. The amount of compression on the nerve is directly associated with nerve ischemia. Mild forms of the condition are typically intermittent and positional. Another factor is transection, which is less common and occurs with severe trauma to the arm. Other impacting factors resulting in brachial plexus injuries include nerve ischemia, radiation-induced injury, inflammation, degeneration, and metabolism. Epidemiology One of the most commonly occurring conditions is carpal tunnel syndrome, and is seen far more common in females than males. The most widely occurring condition is cervical radiculopathies, which have a higher incidence in males than females. The occurrence of cervical radiculopathy is the highest in people between 50 to 54. It is difficult to obtain an accurate incidence of brachial neuritis because individuals wit‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍h mild cases will never seek medical attention (Rutkove, 2021). Physical Exam / Clinical Presentation / Diagnostics Let’s discuss a scenario where an athlete presents with symptoms of burners syndrome. There are important questions to ask all athletes you suspect with burners syndromes. The athlete should be asked to provide a detailed history of residual symptoms, pain quality, intensity, location, radiation, and duration, provide clues, presence of numbness, paresthesia, and weakness. The patient may shake or hold the injury extremity close to against the body for comfort. Evaluate the patient for asymmetry in the shoulder or atrophy of the shoulder or neck musculature. Physical examination tests include the Spurling test, tinsels test, and percussion of the supraclavicular fossa (Kuhlman, 2021). Typically imaging is not required unless there is trauma. Imaging of the cervical spine is obtained to evaluate for any bone injury or cervical spinal stenosis. Subsequent testing, if deemed necessary, will be electrodiagnostic studies. Differentials / Management Differential diagnoses include cervical disc herniation with nerve root impingement, shoulder or arm muscle strain, thoracic outlet syndrome, clavicle fracture, shoulder subluxation or dislocation, and acromioclavicular sprain (Bromberg, 2021). For milder symptoms, initial management is conservative and often includes physical or occupational therapy and symptomatic care. In the clavicle fracture, treatment will depend on the amount of displacement, typically managed non-operatively. Once there is evidence of healing, the patient will be referred to therapy‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‍.