An lgbtiq history2

RECOVERING THE PAST:
A “WESTERN” LESBIAN, GAY,
BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER,
INTERSEX & QUEER HISTORY:
PART TWO
Warren J. Blumenfeld
warrenblumenfeld@gmail.com

•Dr. Warren J. Blumenfeld is
available to come to your campus
or community organization.
•Contact:
warrenblumenfeld@gmail.com

THE GROWING STORM
• Germany
• 1920s, Scientific Humanitarian Committee
• 25 chapters
• Work continued to abolish Paragraph 175
Patrons Eldorado Club , Berlin enjoying a pleasant night out

• 1853, Prussian Paragraph 143
• 1869, became Paragraph 152 of North
German Confederation,
• 1871, Paragraph 175, German Legal code
when Germany united forming one country
under the Second German Reich.
PRUSSIAN &
WEST GERMAN LEGISLATION

• Of German States
• Most anti-homosexual
• 1794 – 1837: imprisoned, banished for life
• 1851, Paragraph 143, Prussian Legal Code…
PRUSSIA

“Unnatural fornication between people and
animals, as well as between persons of the male
sex with 6 months – 4 years imprisonment with
easy labor, as well as loss of civil rights at
the same time, even if temporary.”
• Basis for Paragraph 175 of German Legal Code…
PARAGRAPH 143

• …passed in 1871
• German Parliament
• After German unification
GERMAN EMPIRE

“Unnatural vice committed by two
persons of the male sex or by people
with animals is to be punished by
imprisonment; the verdict may also
include the loss of civil rights.”
PARAGRAPH 175

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF “RACE”

CARL LINNAEUS
(1707-1778)
• Born Carl Linné
• Swedish Botanist, Physician, and
Zoologist.
• “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
• Book: Systema Naturae
• “Linnaean Taxonomy”: System of
Scientific Hierarchical
Classification.
• Kingdoms; Classes; Orders;
Genera (Genus); Species.
(Wikipedia)

CARL LINNAEUS (1707-1778)
• He is also known as “The Father of
Scientific Racism.”
• Five levels under Homo sapiens,
based initially on place of origin, then
on skin color:
• Europeanus
• Asiaticus
• Americanus
• Monstrosus
• Africanus

CARL LINNAEUS (1707-1778)
• Europeanus: sanguine, pale, muscular, swift,
clever, inventive, governed by laws.
• Asiaticus: melancholic, yellow, inflexible, severe,
avaricious, dark-eyed, governed by opinions.
• Americanus (Native Americans): choleric,
copper-colored, straightforward, eager,
combative, governed by customs.
• Monstrosus (dwarfs of the Alps, the Patagonian
giant, the monorchid Hottentot): agile,
fainthearted.
• Africanus: phlegmatic, black, slow, relaxed,
negligent, governed by impulse.

POST-LINNAEUS TAXONOMY
• Later European scientists separated Homo
sapiens in six different categories:
1. Caucasoid: Europe, North Africa, Southwest Asia
2. Mongoloid: East Asia, Siberia, the Americas
3. Polynesians:
4. Native Americans:
5. Australoid: indigenous Australians
6. Negroid: Central and Southern Africa
(Ramon)

• In late 19th Century
• Jews & Homosexuals
• Scientific Community
• Distinct “Racial” Types
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF “RACE”

• “Biological Determinism”: Essentialist or
biological bases for human behavior
• Jews have a “uniform appearance”
independent of geographic locations.
CHARLES DARWIN

• Extended Darwin’s theories:
• Jews not simply separate religious, ethnic,
or political group
• Jews, black Africans, homosexuals = lower
/ earlier forms of human species.
• Distinct lower “racial” types
• Immutable biological characteristics
• Jews separate “race”: “mixed” or
“bastard race”
• Jews crossed “racial” barriers
interbreeding with black Africans during
Jewish Diaspora
“SOCIAL DARWINISTS”

• Darwin’s cousin.
• British psychologist.
• “Eugenics Movement”
• “Eugenics” 1883, Greek,
“well born” or “good origins
or breeding”
• Science of improving
qualities of a “race”
• Control human breeding
FRANCIS GALTON
(1822-1911)

“Who has not heard people characterize such and such
a man or woman they see in the streets as Jewish
without in the least knowing anything about them?
The street Arab who calls out ‘Jew’ as some child
hurries on to school is unconsciously giving the
best and most disinterested proof that there is a
reality in the Jewish expression.”
FRANCIS GALTON

MADISON GRANT
1865-1937
• U.S. Lawyer, Eugenicist
• Co-founder, with Henry Fairfield Osborn,
of the Galton Society for the Study of the
Origin and Evolution of Man, 1918.
• Grant Influential in Immigration Restriction
and Anti-Miscegenation Policies.
• Book: The Passing of the Great Race
(1916) detailing the so-called “racial”
history of Europe: in fact, a work of
“scientific racism.”

MADISON GRANT
1865-1937
• “Racialization” of Jews codified in The Passing of the Great Race
(1916)
• European “Racial” Hierarchy:
• “Nordics” (Northwestern Europe—superior)
• “Alpines” (Central Europe—somewhat inferior)
• “Mediterraneans” (Southern and Eastern Europe—
inferior)
• Jews (most inferior)

MADISON GRANT
1865-1937
• Nordics: natural rulers & administrators, which
accounted for England’s “extraordinary ability to
govern justly & firmly the lower races” (Grant, 1916, p.
207).
• Alpines: “…always and everywhere a race of
peasants” with a tendency toward “democracy”
although submissive to authority. (p. 227).
• Mediterraneans: inferior to both Nordics & Alpines in
“bodily stamina,” but superior in “the field of art.”
Also, superior to the Alpines in “intellectual
attainments,” but far behind Nordics “in literature and
in scientific research and discovery” (p. 229)

MADISON GRANT
1865-1937
• Polish Jews: “…the Polish Jew, whose dwarf stature,
peculiar mentality and ruthless concentration on self-
interest….(p. 16), present themselves in “swarms” (p.
63).
“The result of the mixture of two races, in the long run,
gives us a race reverting to the more ancient
generalization and lower type. The cross between a
white man and an Indian is an Indian, the cross
between a white man and a Negro is a Negro, the
cross between a white man and a Hindu is a Hindu,
and the cross between any of the three European
races and a Jew is a Jew” (p. 18).

• Austrian sex researcher
• Sex “nauseous disease”
• Homosexuality sign of
“degeneration,”
product of vice
RICHARD KRAFFT-EBING

HAVELOCK ELLIS
• English Sex Researcher
• “Defender” of Homosexuality
• Wife was Bisexual
• Homosexuality hormonal in
origin, inborn, “anomaly” like
color blindness.
• Referred to homosexuals as
“inverts” and homosexuality
as “inversion”:
• They invert “normal” sexuality.

SIGMUND FREUD
Sigmund Freud, advanced a four-stage model of psychosexual
development:
1. Newborn infants “polymorphously perverse,” deriving
pleasure from tactile sensations anywhere on their
bodies
2. Then developing a sexual drive in the mouth,
(Oral Stage)
3. Then the anus, (Anal Stage)
4. Ultimately, the genitals (Genital Stage)

SIGMUND FREUD
• Freud asserted that homosexuality
was a developmental disorder,
• A fixation at one of the
intermediate “pregenital” stages,
• He believed this was caused, at
least in part, by an incomplete
resolution in males of the Oedipal
complex.
• In this way, Freud saw gay men as
perpetual children.
What does he know? He
smoked!

LGBT DIFFERENT HUMAN TYPE
• Although records back to antiquity
documented universal existence of same-sex
sexuality,
• Not until 19th century C.E. that scientific
community
• Created categories of sexual orientation,
• Leading to “medicalization” of homosexuality
and construction as immutable biological
type.
• Gay males seen as feminized males
• Lesbians as masculinized females

LGBT DIFFERENT HUMAN TYPE
•Two such theorists were American
physicians, G. Frank Lydston and
James Kiernan posited
homosexuals and bisexuals as a
kind of remnant of the primitive
organisms from which humans
developed.

G. FRANK LYDSTON
• U. S. Urologist, Surgeon, and Professor
from Chicago
• In 1889, Lydston delivered a lecture,
College of Physicians and Surgeons
in Chicago
• Sexual perverts (homosexuals) are
“physically abnormal” (immature).

G. FRANK LYDSTON
“…the unfortunate class of individuals who are
characterized by perverted sexuality have been viewed
in the light of their moral responsibility rather than as the
victims of a physical and incidentally of a mental
defect….Even to the moralist there should be much
satisfaction in the thought that a large class of sexual
perverts are physically abnormal rather than morally
leprous.”

JAMES D. KIERNAN
• 1892 Published
Responsibility in Sexual
Perversion
• In Chicago Medical
Recorder
• First known use of term
“homosexual” in print.

JAMES D. KIERNAN --
HOMOSEXUALS
• The "pure homosexuals" are persons whose "general
mental state is that of the opposite sex.“
• He defined these homosexuals as gender benders,
rebels from “proper” masculinity and femininity, and
from a procreative and erotic norm.

JAMES D. KIERNAN -- BISEXUALS
• Also, first time “heterosexual” seen in print.
• “Heterosexual” to Kiernan not equated with “normal
sexuality.”
• One of several “abnormal manifestations of the sexual
appetite”
• These “heterosexuals” he associated with a mental condition
called “psychical hermaphroditism.”
• Heterosexuals experienced so-called male erotic attraction to
females and so-called female erotic attraction to males.
• Later termed “Bisexuality”

• U.S. Physician, 1921:
“A physical examination of [female
homosexuals] will in practically every
instance disclose an abnormally prominent
clitoris.”
PERRY M. LICHTENSTEIN

• French Forensic
Medical Scientist,
1857:
“This degeneracy is evidenced in
men who engage in same-sex
eroticism by their
underdeveloped, tapered penis
resembling that of a dog, and a
naturally smooth anus lacking in
radial folds.”
AMBROSE TARDIEU

• U.S. Physician, 1896:
“[The lesbian] is usually of a
masculine type, or if she
presented none of the
‘characteristics’ of the male,
was a subject of pelvic disorder,
with scanty menstruation, and
was more or less hysterical and
insane.”
ALLAN MCLANE HAMILTON

AUGUST FOREL
• Swiss physician, 1906
“The [sexual] excesses of female inverts
exceed those of the male,...and this is
their one thought night and day, almost
without interruption. [Male inverts] feel
the need for passive submission...and
occupy themselves with feminine
pursuits. Nearly all [female and male]
inverts are in a more or less marked
degree psychopaths or neurotics.”

Homosexuality: “Un-Germanic”
+
“Corrosive” Jewish Elements
=
Germany’s Decline
GERMANY

• Adolph Hitler
• Heinrich Himmler
• Homosexuality caused by having Jewish Ancestor
JUDAISM CAUSES HOMOSEXUALITY

Homosexual
Emancipation
Movement

• Tumultuous social change, like 1960s
• Movements to find remedies for social problems
• People challenge basic assumptions of authority & power
relationships:
• Women’s Movement
• Eastern Religious Movements & Meditation
• Nudity Movement
• Health Foods Movement
• Home Vegetable Garden Movements
GERMANY LATE
19TH CENTURY C.E.

• Youth Movement
• First all male
• Later females
• Wandervögels (Migrating birds)
• 1914, 50,000 members
• Purpose: escape restraints
of bourgeois German society
• Resisted adult authority
• Organized autonomous cells
• Many practiced vegetarianism, alternative natural
medicine & healing, nudism, challenged restrictive
clothing
WANDERVÖGELS

 Hanover lawyer
 “Grandfather of Gay
Liberation”
 1862, “Urning”
 People with same-sex
attractions
 Plato’s Symposium,
 Love between two men
 Heavenly Muse Urania.
KARL HEINRICH ULRICHS

• Urning: Males attracted own sex
• Mannlings: Masculine
• Junglings: Young Feminine
• Zwischen: Intermediate Masculine/Feminine
• Weiblings: Feminine
• Burschs: Young Masculine
ULRICHS’S
“THIRD SEX” THEORY

• Urningins: Females attracted own sex
• Mannlingins: Masculine
• Weiblingins: Feminine
ULRICHS’S

• Dioning: Attracted to other sex
• Mannlicher: Masculine male
• Weiblicher: Feminine female
• Uraniaster: Dioning male “acquired
Urning tendencies”: sex with males,
attracted to females
ULRICHS’S

• Uranodioning: Having elements of both
Urning & Dioning: males & females
attracted in varying degrees to both
sexes
ULRICHS’S

• 1865, Ulrichs proposed homosexual rights group
• Drafted Bylaws, Urning Union.
• First to attempt this
• Bylaws:
• Bring Urnings out of isolation
• Champion Urning rights
• Promote Urning literature
• Further Urning writing
• Work with the press
• Support and assist Urnings in need

• 1867, Ulrichs testified,
• Congress of German Jurists, Munich
• He protested refusal to consider proposal he submitted 2
years earlier to eliminate penalties for consensual same-
sex activity
• He used Enlightenment language in his arguments
• Ulrichs asserted 1 out of 1000 people Urnings
• Jurists shouted him down

“Herr Ulrichs….disappear! Please take your 25,000
Urnings with you and settle at the North Pole, but
have the goodness to spare our German soil your
presence!”
Alois Geigel, Professor of Medicine

“The Urning, too is a person. He, too, therefore, has inalienable
rights. His sexual orientation is a right established by nature.
Legislators have no right to veto nature; no right to persecute
nature in the course of its work; no right to torture living
creatures who are subject to those drives nature gave them.
The Urning is also a citizen. He, too, has civil rights; and
according to these rights, the state has certain duties to fulfill as
well. The state does not have the right to act on whimsy or for
the sheer love of persecution. The state is not authorized, as in
the past, to treat Urnings as outside the pale of the law.”
from Araxes: A Call to Free the Nature of the Urning
from Penal Law, 1870

• 1864, Expelled from Free German
Foundation for Science, Art, &
German Culture
• 1880 left Germany
• Died 14 July 1895
• One month before 70th birthday

 Austrian-born journalist &
human rights activist
 Ulrichs’s student
 1869, coined terms
“Homosexual” &
“Heterosexual”
 Tried to convince legal &
scientific professions
 Same-sex attractions, though
not norm, are innate & should
not be legally penalized
KARL-MARIA KERTBENY
(A.K.A. KAROLY MARIA BENKERT)

• 1897, first Homosexual organization in Germany
• Two years after Ulrichs’s death
Georg Plock, Dr. Ernst Burchard, Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, Baron von Teschenberg.
SCIENTIFIC HUMANITARIAN
COMMITTEE

1. Influence legislative bodies to abolish
Paragraph 175
2. Enlighten public on homosexuality,
3. “Interest” homosexuals about
themselves & the civil rights struggle
SHC PURPOSE

• Physician & Sexologist
• Jewish homosexual
• Petitioned Reichstag 1897 abolish
Paragraph 175
• Reichstag rejected petition
MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD

• 1919, SHC acquired Berlin mansion
• International center for sex research & study of homosexual
literature
• Magnus Hirschfeld purchased building & endowed with his
extensive scientific library
INSTITUTE FOR SEXUAL SCIENCE

• Scientific Humanitarian
Committee
• Yearbook for Intermediate
Sexual Types
• 1899 - 1923
• Scientific studies
• Homosexuality
• Bisexuality
• Transgenderism
• Other sex- & gender-
issues
YEARBOOK FOR INTERMEDIATE SEXUAL TYPES

• Hirschfeld coined term “Transvestite”
• He “cross-dressed”
“TRANSVESTITE”

Anna P. lived many
years in Germany
Hedwig W. (left), Hirschfeld’s
transgender friend, lived two
years in Berlin as Herbert.
HIRSCHFELD'S PHOTO BOOK:
SEXUAL INTERMEDIATES (1922)

Friedlander
Benedict Friedlander Adolf Brand
wealthy philosopher, editor Der Eigene
biologist, leading theorist (Their Own)
COMMUNITY OF THE SPECIAL
(1902)

• & Wilheim Jansen
• A leader in German youth movement
• Broke away from Wandervögels
• Formed all male group, Jugend
Wandervögels (Youth Migrating Birds)
• Encouraged homoerotic expression
JUGEND WANDERVÖGELS

• Conservative anti-feminist organization
• Friedlander married a woman
• Advocated for idealized relationships
between adult bisexual male & young male
in strictly masculine context
• Combined with family life, “back to
Greece” philosophy
• Heterosexual relations for procreation
• Aesthetic superiority of inter-generational
relations
COMMUNITY OF THE SPECIAL

• Agreed on legislative reforms
• Disagreed origins of homosexuality
• Friendlander not believe was congenital
• Resented Ulrichs’s “Third Sex” Theory
FRIEDLANDER & HIRSCHFELD

• Hirschfeld made serious effort to include lesbians in work
of SHC
• Lesbianism not outlawed, Paragraph 175
• Hirschfeld: women “nevertheless suffer in the most varied
ways because of the ignorance about her nature.”
LESBIANS

• Early - mid 19th century, women—middle and upper classes—few options
• marry & raise children
• enter a convent
• Could not attend universities
• Could not form political organizations in Germany until 1908
• Some formed social clubs like bowling leagues where they bowled &
danced together
GROWING WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

• Some trans men increased economic & social options
• Some worked in menial trades
• Some lived with women
• Through 18th century, risked
being burned at stake
GROWING WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

• Women’s movement at first
resistant to lesbian rights
• Anna Rüling, lesbian feminist & friend of
Hirschfeld,
• Speech,1904 ,annual
conference of SHC
• She was critical of women’s
movement’s inaction on
lesbian issues:

“Considering the contributions made to the
women’s movement by homosexual women for
decades, it is amazing that the large and
influential organizations of the movement have
never lifted a finger to improve the civil
rights and social standing of their numerous
Uranian members. It is amazing that they have
done nothing, absolutely nothing, to protect
many of their best-known and most deserving
leaders from ridicule and scorn by
enlightening the general public about the true
nature of Uranianism…”
“Homosexualität und Frauenbewegung”
(Homosexuality and the Women's Movement)

• 1920s, German Lesbian newspapers
• Single Women
• Women’s Love
• Gazette for Ideal Women’s Friendships
• Girlfriend: Weekly for the Ideal Friendship, sponsored by
Federation for Human Rights,
• Lesbian nightspots ads
• Personals ads

• 1905, Women’s Dating Agency
• Lesbians & Bisexual women make connections
• One personal ad:
“Miss honest, 24 years, is looking for a
pretty lady to be her girlfriend.”

• Munich, Germany, 1909
• “Spring Excursion of a Berlin Ladies’ Club”
“Never, my sweet, will a man break up our love.
Never, dear heart! -- Unless it’s a policeman.”

• Founded, Helene Stocker, 1905
• Worked with SHC so Paragraph 175 not
extended to women & overturned
• Later, served director of
SHC
• Edited journal
• The New Generation
Helene
Stocker

• 1919, SHC produced first film openly discuss
homosexuality
• Different from the Others (Anders als die
Anderen)
• Pleaded tolerance for “Third Sex.”

• 1929, Pandora’s Box, (Die Buchse der Pandora)
• First film lesbian character
• “Countess Geschwitz” (Alice Roberts) glares at man who
comes between her and Louise Brooks, her Lulu.

• 1931, Mädchen in Uniform
• Based on Christa Winsloe novel
& play
• All female cast
• Sympathetic portrayal
passionate love of
14-year-old student
for her teacher

• 1920s, Scientific Humanitarian Committee
• 25 chapters
• Work continued to abolish Paragraph 175
Patrons Eldorado Club, Berlin enjoying pleasant night out

• 1919
• Adolph Hitler, 32
• Artist of Modest Talent…
ADOLPH HITLER

• …met Ernst Röhm
• 10th Regiment, German War College
• Served WWI
• After, paramilitary organizations
ERNST RÖHM

• Friends
• Hitler tried to ignore Röhm’s homosexuality
HITLER & RÖHM

• Röhm heads SA, “Brown
Shirts”
• Sturmabteilung
• Paramilitary organization
• Cleared Hitler’s way to
power
• By 1920, Nazi party motto
• “Moral and Racial Purity”
“BROWN SHIRTS”

• Karl Giese lecture
• Brown Shirts attack lecture
• Open fire
• Wound many
SHC TARGETED

• Nazis go after Hirschfeld in print
MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD

• 1921, Nazis brutally attack Hirschfeld on street after giving
lecture
• Seriously wounded him
• Exiled to France
• Died 2 years later
Nazis parade Hirschfeld bust in street
MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD

• Nov. 8, 1923, Nazis attempt to take over German
government militarily, Munich
• “Beer Hall Putsch” (Coup)
• Let by Herman Göring
BEER HALL PUTSCH

• Arrest members of Munich
City Council
• 600 SA occupy Army
headquarters
• Rampaged through Munich,
targeting Jewish property
BEER HALL PUTSCH

• Putsch failed
• Many Nazis killed
• Hitler shot in left arm
BEER HALL PUTSCH

• Co-Conspirators awaiting sentencing following trial
Hitler Röhm
BEER HALL PUTSCH

• Sentencing:
• Röhm jailed briefly, soon paroled
• Hitler sentenced to one year Landsberg Prison
• Served 8 months
• Wrote Mein Kampf
• (My Struggle)
BEER HALL PUTSCH

• Justified persecution
• Inferior “racial” strands
• Jews
• Homosexuals
• Transgender People
• People of Color
• People with disabilities
• Others
NAZI “RACIAL” POLICIES

• Nazis asserted Jews
polluting “Aryan race.”
• Jews forced to wear
Yellow Star of David
patches, sign of “race
pollution.”

Hitler said he was inspired by U.S.
Indian reservation system.

Nazi “Theological” Philosophy

• Regardless of their actual meanings and intents,
• These texts have been used by individuals, groups, or nations
• To justify persecution of the Jewish people throughout the centuries.
• Possible disconnect between intent and impact.

1 THESSALONIANS 2:15-16
• [T]he Jews, who killed the
Lord Jesus and the prophets
and drove us out, the Jews
who are heedless of God’s
will and enemies of their
fellow man….All this time
they have been making up
the full measure of their
guilt, and now retribution
has overtaken the good of
all.
St. Paul

MATTHEW 27:24-25
• Pilate could see that nothing
was being gained, and a riot
was starting [among the
Jews]; so he took water and
washed his hands in full view
of the people saying, “My
hands are clean of this man’s
blood; see to that yourselves,”
and with one voice the
people cried, “His blood be
on us, and on our children.”
St. Matthew

JEWS AND THE DEVIL
• And Jesus said: “If God were your father, you would love
me…[but] your father is the devil and you choose to carry out
your father’s desires” (John 8:44).
• The Jews…are Satan’s synagogue (Revelation 2:9).
• I will make those of Satan’s synagogue, who claim to be Jews
but are lying frauds, come and fall down at your feet
(Revelation 3:9).

GALATIANS 5:1-6
• Christ set us free, to be free men. Stand firm, then, and refuse
to be tied to the yoke of slavery again. Mark my words: I,
Paul, say to you that if you receive circumcision, Christ will do
you no good at all.

TITUS 1:14-16
• And Paul said, “Do not give heed to Jewish
fables and commandments of merely human
origin that turn men from the truth;…nothing is
pure to the tainted minds of disbelievers…. They
[the Jews] profess to acknowledge God, but
deny him by their actions. Their detestable
obstinacy disqualifies them for any good work.”

ADOLPH HITLER
MEIN KAMPF (1925)
“Today I believe that I
am acting in
accordance with the will
of the Almighty Creator:
by defending myself
against the Jew, I am
fighting for the work of
the Lord.”

• Homosexual (males) lower German birth rate
• Homosexuals endanger & corrupt youth
• Possible epidemic spread & “race” pollution
• Homosexuals “potential oppositionist” & enemy of
respectable society
• Sexual relations between people of same sex impairs their
“sense of shame,” & undermines morality & “decline of
social community.”
NAZI PHILOSOPHY ON
HOMOSEXUALITY

“Anyone who thinks of homosexual love is our
enemy. We reject anything which emasculates our
people and makes it a plaything for our enemies,
for we know that life is a fight, and it is
madness to think that men will ever embrace
fraternally. Natural history teaches us the
opposite. Might makes right. The strong will
always win over the weak. Let us see to it that
we once again become the strong. But this we can
achieve only in one way—the German people must
once again learn how to exercise discipline. We,
therefore, reject any sexual deviation,
particularly between man and man, because it robs
us of the last possibility of freeing our people
from the slave-chains in which it is now forced
to toil.”

 Nazi Criminal Law Commission
 Debate to extend Paragraph 175
to women
 Decide against:
“In [homosexual] men, the reproductive power
is wasted and they mostly withdraw from
procreation; in women, that is not the case,
or at least not to the same degree.”
 “Aryan” lesbians could produce children
LESBIANS

“The emancipation of women from
the women’s emancipation
movement is the first demand of
a female generation trying to
rescue nation and race, the
eternally unconscious, the
foundation of all civilization,
from decline…. A woman should
have every opportunity to
realize her potential, but one
thing must be made clear: Only
a man must be and remain judge,
soldier, and politician.”
Chief Nazi
Ideologue
ALFRED ROSENBERG
(ON WOMEN)

• Anti-Homosexual
• Anti-Feminist & Anti-Women’s Equality
• Anti-Abortion for “Aryans”
• Anti-Birth Control for “Aryans”
• Anti-Sexuality Education in Schools
NAZI IDEOLOGY ON
SEXUALITY AND GENDER

NAZIS RUN FOR REICHSTAG
“Workers of the mind and hand!
Vote for the front soldier Adolf Hitler!”

• January 1933
• Nazis control Reichstag
• Adolph Hitler, Chancellor of Germany
NAZIS TAKE POWER

• Germany lost WWI because internal enemies: Jews, homosexuals,
transgender people, others
• Nazi campaign moral, racial, & sexual purity
• Intense & violent campaign against Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah’s
Witnesses, Romani, people with disabilities, Communists, Socialists, & other
groups
NAZI “RACIAL” &
“THEOLOGICAL” POLICIES

• “Un-Germanic Material”
• Jewish
• Homosexual
• Communist
BOOK BURNING

• To work against prostitution & STDs
• Close all bars, which “are misused for the furtherance of public indecency:
public houses solely or mainly frequented by persons engaging in unnatural
sex acts” [e.g. homosexuals]
• Prohibit kiosks & magazine stands in libraries & bookshops, “whether
because they include nude illustrations or because of their title or contents,
are liable to produce erotic effects in the beholder.”
DECREE FOR COMBATING
PUBLIC INDECENCY

• Maintained position of neutrality
• Rarely spoke out against atrocities perpetrated by Nazi regime
POPE PIUS XII

“The Vatican welcomes the struggle of National Germany
against obscene material. The strong measures that
Prussia’s Minister of the Interior Goring has ordered
for the combating of obscene writings ad pictures…have
received serious attention in Vatican circles. It will
be recalled the Pius XII, in his recent encyclicals,
has repeatedly and vigorously stressed that defensive
actions against obscene material are of fundamental
importance for the bodily and spiritual health of
family and nation, and he most warmly welcomes the type
and manner…with which this struggle has been undertaken
in the new Germany.”
VATICAN STATEMENT
APRIL 6, 1933

Nazis close Eldorado Club,
Berlin, March 5, 1933.
HOMOSEXUAL CLUBS CLOSED

• Nazi storm troopers ransacked &
closed
• Carried away 2 vans of books
• Labeled Institute “international center
of the white-slave trade” and “an
unparalleled breeding ground of dirt
and filth.”
INSTITUTE FOR SEXUAL SCIENCES

HOMOSEXUAL PUBLICATIONS
BANNED

• February 10, 1934
• Göring surveillance order
• Against “professional criminals”
• Homosexuals included
“In pursuance of the aim of
suppressing crime…I hereby order
the introduction of regular
surveillance of professional
criminals running free and of
habitual sex offenders.”
SURVEILLANCE

• Gay men, transgender people, & friends rounded up
• Questioned
• Forced to give names of others
• Thousands brought in for questioning
• Many sent to jail
• Later to concentration camps
SUSPECTED GAY MEN ARRESTED

• Gestapo chief (German secret police)
• Architect anti-homosexual campaign
• Male homosexuals “like women”
• Cannot fight in German war effort
HEINRICH HIMMLER

• Headed SS
• Black-shirted force
• Hitler’s bodyguards
HEINRICH HIMMLER

• Second in Command
REINHARD HEYDRICH

• Desired to expand SS
• Incorporate regular German army
• Reichswehr
• Under his commend
HEINRICH HIMMLER

• General social concern
• Civil violence of SA
• Following Hitler’s rise
• SA lost public support
SA DIMINISHED PUBLIC SUPPORT

• Himmler & Heydrich
• Hated Ernst Röhm
• SA no longer needed
• Conspired with Göring
• Eliminate Röhm
HIMMLER, HEYDRICH, GÖRING

• Conspiracy to put wedge between Hitler and Röhm
• Though not true, Göring, Himmler, Heydrich, accused Röhm of plotting to
overthrow Hitler
OPERATION “KOLIBRI”
(“HUMMINGBIRD”)

• April 20, 1934
• Hitler appoints
• Himmler & Heydrich
• Head Secret Police
GERMAN GESTAPO

• Plot against Röhm
• Carried out end of June 1934
• SA leaders on vacation
• Röhm and close advisors
PENSION HANSELBAUER, BAVARIA

• Hitler ordered arrest of SA offers
throughout Germany
• Ordered SS troopers to storm hotel
• Hitler screamed that they were all
“homosexual pigs”
• Hitler knew that very few were
homosexual
PENSION HANSELBAUER, BAVARIA

• Storm Troopers smashed in SA Lieutenant Edmund Heins’s
face
• Röhm & 5 other high-ranking offers transported to
Stadelheim Prison.
Edmund Heins
“NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES”

• Röhm isolated in solitary prison cell
• Storm Trooper entered cell
• Handed Röhm loaded revolver
• Trooper: “I’ll be back in fifteen
minutes. You have a choice.”
• Röhm: “Let Adolf do it himself. I’m not
going to do his job.”

• 2 SS executed Röhm
• Many others killed
• SA and others the Nazis hated:
• Liberal Journalists
• Some Catholic dignitaries

• Hitler used alleged
homosexuality within SA as ploy
to position himself as the “moral
leader” of Nazi party & the Reich.
• Murder used as official policy

• One year later
• Month before anti-Jewish “Nuremberg Laws”
• Extended Paragraph 175
• 28 June 1935
“A male who commits a sex offence with
another male or allows himself to be
used by another male for a sex offence
shall be punished with imprisonment.
Where a party was not yet twenty-one
years of age at the time of the act,
the court may in especially minor
cases refrain from punishment.”
PARAGRAPH 175 EXTENDED

“Penal servitude up to ten years or, where there are
mitigating circumstances, imprisonment of not less than three
months shall apply to…a male over twenty-one years of age who
seduces a male person under twenty-one years to commit a sex
offence with him or to allow himself to be abused for a sex
offence….”
PARAGRAPH 175A

• Simple contemplation of
desired object
• Plain touching
• Petting
• Embracing
• Kissing
• Pressing of naked penis to
any part of partner’s body
• Pressing of bodies against
one another with or without
friction
• Rhythmic thrusts between
knees, thighs or in armpits
• Touching of penis by
partner’s tongue
• Placement of penis into
partner’s mouth
• Pedophilia
• Sodomy
CRITERIA FOR SAME-SEX OFFENCE

• Joseph Stalin
• Recriminalizes homosexuality
• 8 years imprisonment
• Or exile to Siberia
SOVIET UNION

• England homosexuality punishable
• Up to two years imprisonment
• Until 1967
• Homosexuality punishable in U.S.
• Until 2003
ENGLAND & UNITED STATES

• Hitler’s goal: Purify “Aryan” race
WOMEN UNDER THE THIRD REICH

• “Aryan” men and women
• Fulfill “proper” roles
• Women produce “Aryan” children
STRICT GENDER ROLES

• Nazi Propagandist
• Women’s position:
“In the ideology of National
Socialism, there is no room for the
political woman….[Our] movement places
woman in her natural sphere of the
family and stresses her duties as wife
and mother. The political, that post-
war creature, who rarely ‘cut a good
figure’ in parliamentary debates,
represents the denigration of women.
The German uprising is a male
phenomenon.”
ENGLEBERT HUBER

• Under Third Reich
• Adjusted appearance to “feminine”
• Avoid suspicion
LESBIANS

• Annette Eick
• Born, Berlin, 1909, Jewish family
• Came out as Lesbian age 10:
"We had to write a composition about how we
imagined our later life would be, and I
wrote: I want to live in the country with
an elderly girlfriend and have a lot of
animals. I don't want to get married and I
don't want to have children, but I'll write."
• Later went to women's clubs & wrote poetry & short stories for lesbian
journal.
• Nazis gained power, emigrated to England,
• Discovered later, parents killed at Auschwitz.
• She settled in English countryside
with her lover of many years, & wrote poetry.
LESBIANS

• Heinrich Himmler
• Reorganized the Criminal
Police
• “The Reich Criminal Police
Bureau”
• Centralized homosexual
surveillance, reporting, &
arrest
REICH CRIMINAL POLICE BUREAU

• Within Reich Criminal Police Bureau
• Investigate & create national file on:
• Male Homosexuals
• Cross-Dressers
• “Wage Abortionists” (women & doctors)
• Monitor production of contraceptives
REICH OFFICE FOR THE COMBATING
OF HOMOSEXUALITY & ABORTION

• Joseph Meisinger
• Headed the Office
• Brutality

• Himmler’s directive
• Paragraph 218
• Establish national file
• Women who had abortion
• People who perform abortions

• 174: Sex offenses with dependents
• 175: Sex offenses between men
• 175a: Aggravated cases of 175
• 176: Coercion of children to commit sex offense
• 218: Offense of abortion
• 253: Blackmail grounds of homosexuality

• July 20, 1936
• Himmler ordered foreign
homosexuals not arrested:
“For the coming weeks, I
forbid the taking of
action, including
interrogation or summons,
against any foreigners
under Paragraph 175
without my approval.”

• After Olympics, tightened pressure on German homosexuals

• Photographed
• Circulated in Nazi propaganda publications

• Paragraph 175 used to silence some Catholic clergy
• Catholic youth fraternities dissolved
• Some priests, religious brothers, Catholic laity arrested as
“threats to the state”
Catholic Priest Fr. Alois Abdritzki killed,
Dachau Concentration Camp

• Statistics 1938:
• 28,366 arrests for abortion
• 28,882 arrests for homosexuality
• Statistics 1939:
• Statistics unavailable for abortion
• Statistics for 1940:
• Statistics unavailable for abortion
REICH OFFICE FOR THE COMBATING
OF HOMOSEXUALITY & ABORTION

• Nazis take over Wondervogels
• Transform into Hitler Youth
YOUTH UNDER THIRD REICH

• Hitler Youth leader
• Committed to eliminating all
signs of “homosexual
corrosion”
• Homosexual posed threat to
state control by “fostering
political conspiracies”
Baldur von Schirach

• Diagram
• Office of the Youth Führer
• “Statistical Investigation of
the Formation of Groups
among Young People with
Homosexual Tendencies”
• Purportedly shows
“originating center of a
homosexual epidemic”
and its alleged spread to
other groups and regions.

• Essay
• Newspaper for Hitler Youth
leaders,
• Warns of evils of
homosexuality
• Asserts that parents are only
ones to provide sex
education to young people
• No sex education in the
schools.
“HOMOSEXUALITY AND YOUTH”

• All boys suspected of “homosexual tendencies,” purged
from Hitler Youth
• Estimated 6,000 youth tried & convicted under Paragraph
175, 1933 - 1943

• Himmler gives police new powers
• “Internal Enemies” of the “National
Community” – 1937
• “Socially Maladjusted” & “Anti-Socials”:
• Homeless, Prostitutes, Unemployed (“work
shy”), Romani,
• Further surveillance, deportation of
homosexuals
PREVENTIVE COMBATING OF
CRIME DECREE

• This will have severe impact on lesbians a few years later.
PREVENTIVE COMBATING OF
CRIME DECREE

• Restrictions tighten further
PREPARATION FOR WAR

• Between 1 Sept. 1939 – 6 April 1941
• Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Yugoslavia,
Greece, France
• Prior: Czechoslovakia
EUROPE UNDER NAZI DOMINATION

• Large-scale persecution of Jews in all dominated territories
• Persecution of homosexuals & abortion selective
JEWS & HOMOSEXUALS

• Jews everywhere at risk.
JEWISH PEOPLE

• My Mahler family, most murdered
• With 2700 other Jews
• Krosno, Poland
MAHLERS OF KROSNO, POLAND
Wolf, Simon, Bascha Mahler, 1932

• My cousins
• Lilian & Armand
Mahler Bushel
• 1942, Antwerp
Ghetto, Belgium
• Wearing yellow
Star of David
• Murdered
MAHLERS OF ANTWERP, BELGIUM

• Himmler: Homosexuality “Race
Pollution”
• Eliminate homosexuals among
“Aryans”:
• Germany, Netherlands, Alsace-
Loraine region
• Allow to continue in “lower
European races”
• Contaminate & bring demise of
“lower races”
HOMOSEXUALS, TRANS PEOPLE

• Reich Ministry of Justice, March 11, 1942:
“(a) Incest, sex offences with
dependents, sodomy, infanticide, &
self-abortion should not be prosecuted
where the offenders are Poles; (b) Sex
offences between men…should also not
be prosecuted where offenders & other
parties involved are all Poles. (The
offenders should, however, be deported
to areas outside the Reich where they
will not be a danger to German
nationhood.)”
• Some Poles & people in other occupied
territories, prosecuted as homosexuals & for
having abortions, & deported to concentration
camps.
“SEX OFFENSES” AMONG POLES

• Hitler issues decree, 15 November 1941:
“A member of the SS and Police who commits unnatural acts with
another man or lets himself be abused for unnatural acts shall
be punished with death.”
ARMY & POLICE ORDER

• Government instructed
military psychiatrists to bar:
• “persons habitually or
occasionally engaged in
homosexual or other
perverse sexual
practices.”
U.S. MILITARY
Melvin Dwork discharged as
“undesirable” for being gay,
1944

• U.S. needed military personal
• Many LGBT enlisted or recruited
“…the Women’s Army Corps
became the almost
quintessential lesbian
institution.” John D’Emilio
U.S. MILITARY

• Himmler began sending, Fall 1933
• Homosexuals, Trans people, “pimps,”
• Fuhlsbüttel Prison
NAZI PRISONS

• Himmler’s decree, 14 December 1937
• Legalizing deportations
• 12 July 1940 decree:
“In the future, after their release from prison, all
homosexuals who have seduced more than one partner should be
taken into preventive police detention [i.e. concentration
camps].”
NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMPS

 Jews yellow Star of David
 Gay Men pink triangle placed point
down on left shirt sleeve and right pant
leg
 Political Prisoners (liberals, socialists,
communists) red triangle
 “Hard-Core Criminals” green triangle
 Jehovah’s Witnesses purple triangle
 Romani brown triangle
 “Anti-Socials” (homeless, unemployed,
vagrants) black triangle.
 Lesbians black or red triangle
CONCENTRATION CAMP
PRISONER CODING

Men convicted under Paragraphs 175
sent to:
 Dachau
 Buchenwald
 Fuhlsbüttel
 Flossenberg
 Mauthausen
 Gross-Rosen
 Mittelbau
 Natzweiler
 Neuengamme
 Ravensbruck
 Sachsenhausen
 Stutthof

• Nazi justification:
encouragement to
perform regular
work would help to
cure male
homosexuals of
their unnatural
inclination.
Gestapo telex arranging
preventive detention of an
"incorrigible homosexual"

• Paragraph 175, not apply to women
• Some lesbians, sent to camps:
• Anti-Socials
• Political Prisoners
• Resistance Movements
• Communists, Socialists
Some forced to serve in camp
brothels for Nazi guards
CONCENTRATION CAMPS: LESBIANS

• Some women under pink triangle.
• Henny Schermann, arrested 1940 Frankfurt
• “Licentious Lesbian” & “Stateless Jew”
• Ravensbruck Concentration Camp.
• Gas Chamber, Bernburg, 1942

• Ravensbruck Concentration Camp
• Elli S., age 26, not Jewish, pink triangle
• “Lesbian” on entry form
• Placed with political prisoners
• Fate unknown

RESISTANCE: GHETTO UPRISINGS
Warsaw, Poland

• Many actively resisted Nazis & Fascists
• Partisan movement
RESISTANCE: PARTISANS

• Frieda Balinfante
• Lesbian, cellist, & conductor
• Escaped Gestapo, Joined
Partisans
• Moved to U.S. following war.

• Willem Arondéus
• Leader in the Dutch
resistance
• Executed 1943

• Count Albrecht von Bernstorff
• Liaison, Dutch legation in Germany
• Warned Dutch government of German
invasion of Holland, 1940
• Smuggled Jews out of Germany
• Discovered, died Ravensbruck
Concentration Camp

• Gad Beck, Jewish gay man
• 1944, Head Berlin Resistance Movement
• Discovered, Concentration Camp
• Survived, moved to Israel 1947, and back to Germany
1979

• Camp inmates, barbarous cruelty
INCARCERATION, MUTILATION,
MURDER

THE MEN WITH THE PINK TRIANGLE
Joseph Kohout
(a.k.a. Heinz Heger)

“We were only permitted to sleep in a night-shirt with
our hands outside the blanket….The windows were covered
with inch-thick ice at the time. Whoever was discovered
sleeping in their underpants received the punishment of
being taken outdoors, doused with several buckets of
water, and being forced to stand there for an hour or
so.”

• Homosexual prisoners given dangerous work
• Examples: Pick up & relocate unexploded bombs after air
raids on Hamburg,
• Gravel pit at Dachau

“Five or six prisoners had to load cars
with shovels, while other groups of the
same size pushed the full carts uphill. The
SS rained almost constant blows on us,
hoping to accelerate the work in this way,
but also giving free vent to their sadistic
impulses. It was no wonder that almost each
day some prisoners deliberately got their
fingers or toes, even hands or feet, run
over by the carts, so as to escape from
work in the pit. Yet even if they all were
sent to sick-bay, they were never seen
alive and well again.”

• Other tortures
• Whippings,
• Hanging from trees
• Starvation
• Scalding hot water

• Dr. Karl-Heinz Rodenberg
• Reich Minister of Justice:
“In sentences under Paragraph 175, it no
longer appears justified to refrain from
the norm of emasculation [castration], for
as in other cases involving sex criminals,
this norm promises complete success with
regard to crime therapy and at the same
time is thoroughly beneficial from a
personal and sociological point of view.”

Some Homosexuals
& Transgender People Castrated
Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim
forcibly castrated. Survived. After war,
returned home in Germany.

• Alias “Carl Vaernet”
• SS Doctor
• Hormonal experiments on men
• Buchenwald
• Some men castrated first
• Men’s groin, male hormone implanted
• Looked like briquette
• To “cure” homosexuality
• Most died
CARL PETER JENSEN

• Mauthausen Camp, 1943, prisoners led to execution accompanied by camp
orchestra
• Mauthausen had one of the highest concentrations of homosexual prisoners

• With other prisoners
• Homosexuals & Transgender people killed
• Some injected with hydrogen in veins
• Many cremated in crematoria

• Nazi did not keep detailed records
• Destroyed many documents
• Historians estimate about 90,000 people under
surveillance as suspected homosexuals
• 50,000 sentenced under
Paragraphs 175
• Many deported to
concentration camps
• Very few survived
ESTIMATED NUMBERS

• Allied Countries Liberate Concentration Camps, 1945
LIBERATION

• After liberation
• Some homosexual prisoners
• Slipped out & joined families
• Naparstek Fajwel
• Survived Auschwitz & Flossenberg

• Karl Gorath, Auschwitz 1940–1944.
• Went home to Germany

• Rudolf Brazda
• One of last known pink triangle
survivor
• Died at 93, Aug. 2011, 32 months
Buchenwald
• And Gad Beck
• Died 2012
HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS

• Homosexual behavior
punishable offence
“Allied” countries
• Great Britain
• Union States
• Soviet Union
• Following liberation,
some homosexual
prisoners reincarcerated
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
ALLIED COUNTRIES

• Homosexuality illegal in East &
West following War
• Homosexual prisoners not eligible
for compensation
DIVIDED GERMANY

• Invalidated (“ungültig”) identity
card: East Berlin Magistrate refused
pink triangle prisoners right to
receive pension as a "victim of
fascism."
EAST GERMANY

• Reforms to Paragraph 175
• 1968, East Germany
decriminalization
• 1969, West Germany
decriminalization
DIVIDED GERMANY

1985 DACHAU
CONCENTRATION CAMP, GERMANY

1997 DACHAU

1985 NEUENGAMME

1987 AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
"Put to death,
put to silence:
for the homosexual victims
of National Socialism”

BUCHENWALD

1992 SACHSENHAUSEN

1999 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

2000 BERLIN, GERMANY
Memorial
Dedication
May 27, 2000

1930S UNITED STATES
• Great Depression
• High Unemployment
• Homes and farms lost

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT
• “New Deal” Programs:
• Agricultural Adjustment Act
• Civil Works Administration
• Civilian Conservation Corps
• Federal Emergency Relief Act
• Glass-Steagall Act (Bank Deposits)
• National Industrial Recovery Act
• National Youth Administration
• Public Works Administration
• Rural Electrification Administration
• Securities and Exchange Commission
• Social Security Act
• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Wagner Act (pro-union)
• Works Progress Administration

W.W.II
• Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
• Segregated military units

JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT
CAMPS
• 120,000 Japanese Americans
• Uprooted from homes
• Transported to Internment Camps
• Interior U.S.

ELEANOR ROOSEVELT &
LORENA HICKOK
• Eleanor Roosevelt
• Civil & Human Rights Activist
• Wife of FDR: “First Woman”
• Lorena Hickok
• Reporter for Associated Press
• Head, Federal Emergency
Relief Administration
• Evidence of Long-term
intimate relationship
Eleanor
Roosevelt
Lorena
Hickok

W.W.II UNITED STATES
• Millions of women & men left their homes
• 1943, military psychiatrists -- bar “persons habitually or occasionally engaged
in homosexual or other perverse sexual practices.”
• Many homosexuals enlisted or were recruited

“DISHONORABLE” DISCHARGES
• Thousands “Dishonorably” Discharged for Homosexuality
• Disproportionately, African American men.

VETERANS BENEVOLENT
ASSOCIATION
• New York City, 1945-1954 (incorporated 1948)
• Founded by honorably discharged service members, women and men
• Social organization for LGBT service members
• Aided some dishonorably discharged

“ROSIE THE RIVETER”
Gender Roles relaxed somewhat for
Women during W.W.II

LESBIAN & GAY BARS
• From small towns
• Came to big cities
• Lesbian & Gay Bars
Knotty Pine, 1940s
Mona’s 440 Club, 1940s

WOMEN & WORKFORCE
• Women entered paid work-force for first time in large numbers.
• Women independent from men
• Greater economic security

WORKPLACE INTEGRATION
• Military segregation continued
• Workplace integration for women

1940S “URBAN RIOTS”
• Realization German & Italian prisoners of war treated better than People of
Color in U.S.
• People of Color fighting in military but treated poorly

ENGLAND
• Alan Mathison Turing
• Mathematician, Logician, Cryptanalyst
• Pioneering Computer Scientist
• During WWII, worked for England’s Government Code
and Cypher School
• Succeeded breaking many German codes
• National hero

ALAN MATHISON TURING
• 1952, Criminal prosecution for “gross indecency” for
homosexuality
• Rather than prison
• Accepted treatment with female
hormones
• “Chemical Castration”
• Suicide 1954, 2 weeks before 42nd
birthday.
• Bill to “pardon” Turing
• Parliament, 2013

AFTER W.W.II
• Gender Roles rehardened
• Women relinquished jobs
• Mandated nuclear families
• Racial segregation & “Jim Crow” continued

ANTI-MISCEGENATION LAWS
• Many states: outlawed interracial sexual relations
• Outlawed interracial marriage
• Example: Mildred Deloris & Richard Loving
• Married in D.C.
• Residents of and lived in Virginia
• Arrested

“Almighty God created the races
white, black, yellow, Malay and red,
and He placed them on separate
continents. And but for the
interference with His arrangement
there would be no cause for such
marriages. The fact that He
separated the races shows that He
did not intend for the races to mix.”
Judge Leon M. Bazile
“Act to Preserve Racial Integrity, 1924,”
Ruling, Virginia, July 1958,
Richard Perry Loving & Mildred Delores Jeeter

1967, LOVING V. VIRGINIA
• Supreme Court Decision
• Struck down anti-miscegenation laws in remaining 16 states

UNITED NATIONS
• 1945
• Purpose: Facilitating Cooperation in
• International Law
• International Security
• Economic Development
• Social Progress
• Human Rights
• World Peace

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS
• December 10, 1948
• Adopted by United Nations
• Eleanor Roosevelt instrumental for passage
• 30 Articles
• Human Rights
• All people entitled

1940S LGBT COMMUNITY
Foundation developed for lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender communities following W.W.II

POST-WAR CONSERVATISM
• “Cold War”
• Political and social conservatism
• Anti-Jewish, Anti-Homosexual, Anti-Communist
Senator Joseph McCarthy, (R – Wisconsin)

THE RED SCARE
• February 9, 1950: Wheeling, West Virginia
• Claimed to have a list of 205 Communists working
for the State
Department.

THE LAVENDER SCARE
• John E. Peurifoy, U.S. State Department undersecretary for
administration
• 1950: Reported to Congress his
security people discovered “91
homosexuals” working at
the State Department
• All fired

THE LAVENDER SCARE
• U.S. Senator, Kenneth Wherry (R-Nebraska)
• Instigated investigation to determine “the infiltration of subversives and moral
perverts into the executive branch of the United States Government.”

THE LAVENDER SCARE
• Ultimately, approximately 5,000 people fired on charges
of homosexuality, 1950s-1960s.

LISA BEN (ANAGRAM OF “LESBIAN”)
• 1947
• Hollywood Secretary
• Edith Eyde, actual name
• Created lesbian-focused
newsletter, Vice Versa
• Typed the newsletter with
many carbon copies
• Distributed them to friends
• Connected a community of
women

KNIGHTS OF THE CLOCK
• 1948, Merton L. Bird and lover W. Dorr Legg
• Founded an interracial group for gays & lesbians in L.A.
• Knights of the Clocks
• “Clocks” acronym
• Cloistered Loyal Order of the Conclaved Knights of
Sophisticracy
• Purposes, according to Legg:
To “promote fellowship and understanding between homosexuals
themselves, specifically between other races and the Negro, as well
as to offer its members aid in securing employment and suitable
housing. Special attention was given to the housing problems of
interracial couples of which there were several in the group.”
From Homosexuals Today: A Handbook of Organizations and Publications,
1956

KINSEY INSTITUTE
• 1948, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
• 1953, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female

ALFRED KINSEY
• Kinsey’s research found a significant
percentage of people experienced
intimate same-sexual contact
• 1954, Congressional committee
• Kinsey accused
• Advancing world Communism.
Alfred Kinsey

1950S - 1960S
• Tumultuous social change
• Challenge underlying assumptions
• Authority
• Power relationships

CIVIL RIGHTS
• 1954, Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka, Kansas)
• Supreme Court
• Unconstitutional: “Separate but Equal” in public
education
Linda Brown & mother
Linda Brown attending
integrated school

CIVIL RIGHTS
Rosa Parks
• 1955, refusal to give up seat white person
• Montgomery, Alabama
• Municipal bus boycott

CIVIL RIGHTS
Lunch counter sit-in to end segregation

CIVIL RIGHTS
1963, National March on Washington
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

CIVIL RIGHTS
• Bayard Rustin
• Close Aid to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
• Gay man
• Principal organizer
• 1963 Civil Rights
March on Washington

CIVIL RIGHTS
• Movement to improve working conditions, wages
• Farm Workers
César Chávez
Founder, National Farm Workers Association

CIVIL RIGHTS
• American Indian Movement (AIM)
• Takeover Alcatraz Island
• November 20, 1969 - June 10, 1971
• Purpose:
• Indian self determination
• Respect for Indian culture
• Establish Indian Cultural
& Educational Center
& Museum

FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT
• 1964-1965
• Student Protest
• University of California, Berkeley
• Leaders: Mario Savio, Brian Turner,
Bettina Aptheker, Steve Weissman,
Art Goldberg, Jackie Goldberg
• Purpose: Students insisted
university lift ban of on-campus political activities
• Purpose: Grant students' right free speech
& academic freedom

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT
• Earth Day
• Proposed: U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson
• First, April 22, 1970
• Environmental teach-in

SEXUALITY COURT DECISIONS
• 1927: Buck v. Bell, U.S. Supreme Court, approved Virginia law
to sterilize “the feeble minded”
• 1947: Skinner v. Oklahoma, U.S. Supreme Court, no state
may involuntarily sterilize a person – liberty to conceive
• 1967: Griswold v. Connecticut, U.S. Supreme Court,
unconstitutional to prohibit birth control, right to privacy
case

An lgbtiq history2

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