Outlining is a crucial step of the writing process, allowing writers the opportu

Outlining is a crucial step of the writing process, allowing writers the opportunity to “map” their arguments in ways that optimize organization, coherence, and unity. For context on why and how we outline, consult the links below. Review each one of them:
1. Care of the Soul in the Time of Covid-19 by Ronald W. Pies MD
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/care-soul-time-covid-19 (Links to an external site.)
2. Modern Medicine and the Healing Process by David H. Rosen MD
http://jungpage.org/learn/articles/analytical-psychology/101-modern-medicine-and-the-healing-process (Links to an external site.
Four Main Components for Effective Outlines
How to Outline
Types of Outlines
Sample Outline
In preparation for drafting, however, it is highly advisable to consider an outline that includes: (1) potential topic sentences for each body paragraph and (2) potential quotations that “speak to” the argument.
Sample Outline (Ray Dademo)
The following is a loose outline—adapted from the late David J. Tietge, PhD—that helps to rethink the architecture of an argument essay. Unlike the model students may have experienced in high school, the most sophisticated pieces of writing don’t adhere to a generic five-paragraph structure. Rather, the content of a work often dictates its form. This baggy outline may be adapted to suit any project a student may be building.
I. Introduction (1 or 2 paragraphs)
Historical, cultural, or public context of problem, issue, or question.
Brief discussion of the issue’s current relevance.
Argument, position, alternative, possible solution (Controlling Idea)
Make a statement that gets at the universality of this issue.
Anecdotal evidence.
II. Main Body Paragraphs (as many as you wish, but 4-5 is a good goal)
Transitions between sub-topical ideas (these relate to the controlling Idea, but are not necessarily driven by it—that is, they supplement the CI without being slavishly dictated by it
Supporting evidence in the form of logical reasoning, examples, cause and effect, and general discussion (evidence is rhetorical—that is, it is designed to create an “alliance” with the reader, one which persuades but also allows the reader and the writer to identify with a common experience. You want the reader to see your perspective, “your side of the story,” so to speak)
Some mention of the relevance of this discussion to the overall topic. Try to give the reader a feel for the argument as a “holistic” issue—one that you have thought through from a number of different angles.
III. Counterargument paragraphs
Transitions from Main Body Paragraphs to counterarguments (note: Counterargument Paragraphs may be interspersed among the Main Body Paragraphs—that is, you may have a CAP in-between a MBP in order to show how your argument is the stronger of the two)
Rebuttal of counterargument—show how you have thought through the objections others might make, anticipate the nature and content of these objections, and provide your own interpretation of the issue by contrast using evidence and logical reasoning.
IV. Conclusion (note: the conclusion should not be a simple restatement of what you’ve already said—no point in that—but, rather, a “wrap up” that hints at the implications of your argument, the impact of the issue or topic, and provokes the reader to reflect further on what you’ve said. A good rule of thumb is to try to close your essay like the ending of a good movie: it should leave the reader thinking.)

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