Title of research paper along with its Abstract is needed by the 8th to get appr

Title of research paper along with its Abstract is needed by the 8th to get approval for topic There are thousands of interesting and exciting topics in Astronomy that you can find or you will see in this course. Select a topic and study a little bit more and beyond the textbook. Ask your own questions and try to find your answers in academic and professional references in Astronomy like journals, books and etc. (search online, you can find online access to many Astronomy references). Since your paper has to be about an ongoing scientific research in Astronomy, topics like Constellations, Mythology, History of science, Astrology, Apollo mission, and etc. are not accepted. Research Topic: Research Topic is the topic of your research paper and is a brief statement (a paragraph) about your research. Submit your Research Topic by no later Friday, November 5th so I can approve and track it. Research papers will not be accepted without getting topic approval. Research Paper Format: The research paper must have the following sections: Title Abstract Introduction Text Body Conclusion Reference List Format: The research paper has to be in your own words. Do not copy and paste from the references. The text body section (excluding abstract, introduction, tables, figures, conclusion and references) must be more than 3 pages. Typed and double-spaced. Type should be 12 pt. Times New Roman. (not abstract) Only abstract paragraph has be to 11 pt. Times New Roman. Cite every piece of information that comes from a Reference. References cited in the text must be in this style: (Author’s last name or Publisher Publication Year). For example: (Farahmandi 2017), (NASA 2016), … References cited in the text must appear in the Reference List. You must use 3 or more different references. Use professional citation styles Figures and tables must have captions and be referred to in the text. The paper has to be in PDF or Word format (pdf, doc, and docx) and name it Your Last name_First name_Paper Title (e.g. Farahmandi_Alireza_The Volcanoes on Venus and Mars.pdf). For PDF, you can use Google Docs and go to File > Download as > PDF document. You are required to post the title and the abstract of your research paper for your classmates in the seventh week of class. (Module 7: Post Research Paper Title and Abstract) Submit your paper in PDF or Word format by the end of Friday, December 10th. Take a look at this professional article to get familiar with formatting. It is a download link of an article by Alan Dressler et. al. in Astronomy: http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0408490v1.pdf (Links to an external site.) The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 617, Issue 2, pp. 867-878 Follow the same citation and reference styles in your paper. For this research paper, the Title is: Studying the Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Clusters from Composite Spectra And the Abstract is: Abstract: We have formed “composite spectra” by combining the integrated-light spectra of individual galaxies in 8 intermediate-redshift and 12 low-redshift clusters of galaxies. Because these composite spectra have much higher signal-to-noise ratios than individual galaxy spectra, they are particularly useful in quantifying general trends in star formation for galaxy populations in distant clusters, z > 0.3. By measuring diagnostic features that represent stellar populations of very different ages, a grand-composite spectrum can reflect the fractions of those populations as accurately as if excellent spectral measurements were available for each galaxy. Measuring the equivalent widths of spectral features in composite spectra is especially well-suited for comparing cosmic variance of star formation in clusters at a given redshift, or comparing clusters over a range of redshifts. When we do this we find that [O II] emission and especially Balmer absorption is strong in each of our intermediate-redshift clusters, and completely separable from a sample of 12 present-epoch clusters, where these features are weak. Specifically, we show by comparing to the H-delta strengths of present-epoch populations of continuously star-forming galaxies that the higher-redshift samples must contain a much higher fraction of starburst galaxies than are found today in any environment.